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Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
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Induction of Maternal Immune Activation in Mice at Mid-gestation Stage with Viral Mimic PolyI:C
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Postnatal exposure to poly (I:C) impairs learning and memory through changes in synaptic plasticity gene expression

Meghraj Singh Baghel1, Brijendra Singh2, Yogesh Kumar Dhuriya3

  • 1Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India.

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
|September 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Early life viral infection, mimicked by poly (I:C), impairs rat learning and memory. This neuroinflammation, indicated by TNF-α, affects memory gene expression and cholinergic receptors long-term.

Keywords:
Developmental neurological disorderMemoryPoly (I:C)Synaptic proteinsTNF-α

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Early-life viral infections are linked to neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • The precise mechanisms underlying infection-induced long-term behavioral deficits remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how viral infection during early life impacts brain development and leads to lasting behavioral changes.
  • To elucidate the molecular and immunological pathways involved in these long-term effects.

Main Methods:

  • Used polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)] to mimic viral infection in rat pups at postnatal day 7.
  • Assessed spatial and fear conditioning memory using Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests at 3, 6, and 12 weeks.
  • Measured immune activation (TNF-α), cholinergic receptor binding, and expression of memory-associated genes (BDNF, Arc, EGR1) via staining, radioligand binding, RT-PCR, and immunoblotting.

Main Results:

  • Poly (I:C) exposure led to impaired spatial and fear conditioning memory in rats at 3, 6, and 12 weeks.
  • Elevated TNF-α levels in the hippocampus persisted from 12 hours to 12 weeks post-infusion.
  • Cholinergic receptor binding decreased at 3 and 6 weeks, while memory-associated gene expression was initially upregulated then downregulated at 12 weeks.

Conclusions:

  • Early-life exposure to poly (I:C) causes long-term impairment of learning and memory in rats.
  • Neuroinflammation mediated by TNF-α and altered expression of memory-associated genes are likely key mechanisms.
  • These findings highlight the critical impact of early-life immune challenges on brain development and cognitive function.