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Related Concept Videos

Health Literacy01:21

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Health literacy is an individual's or a community's capacity to comprehend, receive, read, and use relevant healthcare information and services. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2018) defines health literacy as the cognitive and social skills that determine the ability of individuals to gain access to, understand, and use information in ways that promote and maintain good health. As a result, the WHO helps individuals manage long-term health concerns, participate in preventative...
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Bacterial and archaeal cells exhibit remarkable diversity in shape and structure, critical in their adaptability and functionality. Among bacteria, the most commonly observed shapes include cocci and bacilli. Cocci are spherical and may exist singly or in groupings such as pairs (diplococci), chains (streptococci), clusters (staphylococci), or tetrads. Bacilli, in contrast, are rod-shaped and can also occur as single cells, in pairs, or chains, depending on their environmental and genetic...
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Fermentation is a crucial anaerobic metabolic process that enables microbes to derive energy from sugar without relying on oxygen or an electron transport chain. This process is fundamental to various biological and industrial applications and is classified based on the metabolic products generated.Role of Pyruvate in FermentationPyruvate and its derivatives serve as key electron acceptors in fermentative pathways. The oxidation of NADH to regenerate NAD+ is essential for the continuation of...
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Organisms exhibit remarkable metabolic diversity, categorized based on how they acquire energy and carbon. These strategies enable survival in various ecological niches and are essential for maintaining energy flow and nutrient cycling within ecosystems.Energy and Carbon SourcesOrganisms are classified as phototrophs or chemotrophs based on energy acquisition. Phototrophs use light as their energy source, while chemotrophs rely on oxidizing chemical compounds. Further differentiation arises...
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Classification is the process of organizing organisms into hierarchically inclusive groups based on their phenotypic similarities or evolutionary relationships. A species comprises one or more strains, and closely related species are grouped into genera. Genera are further classified into families, families into orders, orders into classes, and so forth, up to the domain level, which is the broadest taxonomic rank derived from a combination of phenotypic and genotypic data.The nomenclature of...
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Purpose of Health Records I01:11

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The vital purpose of health records is to provide a complete and accurate account of a patient's medical history, including communication, diagnostic and therapeutic orders, care planning, research, and quality review.
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Microbial exposure and human health.

Anukriti Sharma1, Jack A Gilbert1

  • 1Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States; BioSciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, United States.

Current Opinion in Microbiology
|September 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The human microbiome interacts with the environment, influencing immunity and health. Understanding microbial exposures and the

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology and Immunology
  • Human Physiology
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • The human body hosts trillions of microbes, forming the human microbiome, essential for physiology and immunity.
  • A dynamic interplay exists between the environment, the human microbiome, and the immune system.
  • Disruptions in this relationship significantly impact human health and disease susceptibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how environmental and lifestyle-associated microbial exposures shape the human immune system and microbiome.
  • To explore the implications of these interactions on human health across critical developmental stages.
  • To propose methods for characterizing the microbial exposome for precision therapeutics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on microbial exposure, immune response, and microbiome modulation.

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  • Analysis of the 'microbial exposome' concept, encompassing environmental and lifestyle factors.
  • Examination of research across prenatal, postnatal, and adult developmental windows.

    • Main Results:

    • Microbial exposures profoundly influence immune system development and function.
    • The microbiome's metabolic activity is modulated by environmental and lifestyle factors.
    • Changes in the microbiome-exposome-immune axis are linked to health and disease outcomes.

    Conclusions:

    • Characterizing the microbial exposome is crucial for understanding health and disease.
    • Novel microbial therapeutics can be developed by targeting these complex interactions.
    • Precision interventions are needed to modulate the microbiome-immune axis for health.