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DNA unwinding helicase enzymes are a type of motor protein. Motor proteins can translocate along filaments or polymers using energy generated from ATP hydrolysis. Helicases are involved in all the important cellular processes where DNA unwinding is required, such as DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. They are present in all living organisms, but vary in their structure, function, and mechanism of action. For example, in prokaryotes, DnaB helicase binds and translocates...
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DNA replication involves the separation of the two strands of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied.  After replication, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand. This is known as semiconservative replication. The resulting DNA molecules have the same sequence and are divided equally into the two daughter cells.
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Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces
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Visualising latent DNA on swabs.

P Kanokwongnuwut1, P Kirkbride1, A Linacre1

  • 1College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, SA 5042, Adelaide, Australia.

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|September 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Forensic labs can now screen touch DNA swabs for the presence of DNA using a rapid, cost-effective staining method. This technique identifies suitable swabs, preventing wasted resources on analyzing empty samples and improving DNA profiling efficiency.

Keywords:
Diamond™ nucleic acid dyeDirect PCRFast screeningSTR DNA profilingSwab collection

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Molecular Biology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Touch DNA collection often relies on assumptions of contact, leading to analysis of swabs without DNA.
  • This results in significant time and resource expenditure in forensic laboratories.
  • A need exists for a preliminary screening method to assess DNA presence on collected swabs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a simple, fast, DNA-staining, and fluorescence microscopy-based screening method for touch DNA swabs.
  • To determine the efficacy of different swab types and the longevity of DNA staining.
  • To assess the impact of the screening method on subsequent DNA profiling.

Main Methods:

  • Ten swab types were tested using Diamond™ Nucleic Acid Dye (DD) and fluorescence microscopy.
  • Swabs were treated with dye and/or known DNA, and samples were collected from volunteers and stored for up to 28 days.
  • Fluorescence detection was performed using a digital microscope with specific excitation and emission filters.

Main Results:

  • Three swab types (black cotton, Ultrafine dental applicator, Cylinder dental applicator) proved effective for DNA collection and staining.
  • Stained cellular material retained fluorescence for up to 4 weeks, and visualization was possible on aged swabs.
  • The DD staining method did not interfere with subsequent DNA profiling.

Conclusions:

  • A rapid, inexpensive, non-destructive, and safe screening method using DD staining and fluorescence microscopy can be implemented in forensic labs.
  • This method efficiently identifies swabs containing DNA, saving time and resources by avoiding analysis of empty samples.
  • The technique enhances the overall efficiency of touch DNA analysis in forensic investigations.