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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

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How to reprogram microglia toward beneficial functions.

Marta Fumagalli1, Marta Lombardi2, Pierre Gressens3,4

  • 1Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti, 9 -20133, Milan, Italy.

Glia
|September 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microglia, essential brain immune cells, can cause damage or promote healing. This review explores strategies to guide microglia toward beneficial functions, focusing on metabolic pathways for therapeutic potential in brain disorders.

Keywords:
beneficial phenotypemetabolismmiRNAmicrogliare-program

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Microglia are non-neural brain cells crucial for inflammatory responses to perinatal insults like hypoxia/ischemia or infection.
  • Microglia can recognize pathogens and initiate cytotoxic responses, potentially worsening brain damage.
  • Despite their critical role, the mechanisms controlling diverse microglial phenotypes remain largely undefined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging strategies for directing microglia toward beneficial functions.
  • To highlight studies providing insights into the molecular mechanisms of microglial phenotypic switching.
  • To explore therapeutic opportunities for controlling microglial responses in brain disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental studies on microglial responses to injury.
  • Analysis of pharmacological agents, cytokines, lipid messengers, microRNAs, nutritional approaches, and immunomodulatory cell therapies.
  • Investigation of molecular mechanisms underlying microglial phenotypic changes.

Main Results:

  • Microglia exhibit significant plasticity, capable of both exacerbating brain damage and promoting tissue regeneration.
  • Various approaches, including pharmacological and cellular therapies, are being explored to modulate microglial function.
  • Energy metabolism plays a central role in shaping microglial functions and their phenotypic switch.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding microglial plasticity is key to developing targeted therapies for brain disorders.
  • Manipulation of microglial energy metabolism offers promising therapeutic avenues.
  • Harnessing beneficial microglial functions could prevent detrimental inflammation and promote brain repair.