Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Clinical Practice Protocol of Creative Music Therapy for Preterm Infants and Their Parents in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
11:50

Clinical Practice Protocol of Creative Music Therapy for Preterm Infants and Their Parents in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Published on: January 7, 2020

27.7K

Improved Outcomes in Preterm Infants Fed a Nonacidified Liquid Human Milk Fortifier: A Prospective Randomized

Richard J Schanler1, Sharon L Groh-Wargo2, Bridget Barrett-Reis3

  • 1Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY.

The Journal of Pediatrics
|September 10, 2018
PubMed

Insights

Acidified liquid human milk fortifier in preterm infants led to poorer initial weight gain and increased feeding intolerance, including vomiting and metabolic acidosis. Nonacidified fortifier showed better early growth and tolerance in this vulnerable population.

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Nutrition
  • Pediatric Gastroenterology
  • Clinical Nutrition

Background:

  • Preterm infants require specialized nutrition for optimal growth and development.
  • Human milk fortification is standard practice, but the form of fortifier may impact outcomes.
  • Acidified liquid human milk fortifiers are used, but their clinical effects require comparison.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effects of acidified versus nonacidified liquid human milk fortifier on growth and feeding tolerance in preterm infants.
  • To evaluate clinical and biochemical outcomes associated with different human milk fortifier types.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective, controlled, parallel, multicenter study involving 164 preterm infants (≤32 weeks gestation).
  • Infants were randomized to receive either acidified or nonacidified liquid human milk fortifier from day 1 to day 29 or hospital discharge.
  • Outcomes included weight gain, feeding tolerance (vomiting, gastric residuals, abdominal distension), and biochemical markers (blood urea nitrogen, metabolic acidosis).

Main Results:

  • No significant difference in overall weight gain (days 1-29) between groups.
  • Nonacidified fortifier group showed significantly greater weight gain during days 1-15 (17.9 vs 15.2 g/kg/day; P=.001).
  • Acidified fortifier group experienced higher rates of vomiting (10.3% vs 2.4%), gastric residuals (12.8% vs 3.7%), abdominal distension (14.0% vs 1.7%), and metabolic acidosis (27% vs 5%).

Conclusions:

  • Acidified liquid human milk fortifier was associated with poorer initial weight gain and increased feeding intolerance in preterm infants.
  • Higher rates of metabolic acidosis were observed with acidified fortifier use.
  • Nonacidified liquid human milk fortifier appears to be a better option for early growth and tolerance in this population.
Abstract

Keywords:
growthhuman milkmetabolic acidosispremature infantrandomized

More Related Videos

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs08:58

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs

Published on: October 31, 2025

648
Single-Port Robotic-assisted Transaxillary Breast-conserving Surgery: A Prospective, Single-arm, Non-randomized Phase IIa Clinical Trial03:07

Single-Port Robotic-assisted Transaxillary Breast-conserving Surgery: A Prospective, Single-arm, Non-randomized Phase IIa Clinical Trial

Published on: August 19, 2025

1.1K

Related Concept Videos

Clinical Trials01:16

Clinical Trials

Clinical trials are prospective experimental studies conducted on humans to determine the safety and efficacy of treatments, drugs, diet methods, and medical devices. Using statistics in clinical trials enables researchers to derive reasonable and accurate conclusions from the collected data, allowing them to make wise decisions in uncertain situations. In medical research, statistical methods are crucial for preventing errors and bias.
There are four phases in a clinical trial. A phase one...
10.8K
Clinical Trials: Overview01:11

Clinical Trials: Overview

Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...
5.0K
Statistical Software for Data Analysis and Clinical Trials01:12

Statistical Software for Data Analysis and Clinical Trials

Statistical software is pivotal in data analysis and clinical trials by providing tools to analyze data, draw conclusions, and make predictions. These software packages range from simple data management applications to complex analytical platforms, supporting various statistical tests, models, and simulation techniques. Their significance lies in their ability to handle vast amounts of data with precision and efficiency, enabling researchers to validate hypotheses, identify trends, and make...
1.6K
Trial and Error and Algorithm01:12

Trial and Error and Algorithm

A problem-solving strategy is a plan of action used to find a solution. Different strategies have distinct action plans. Trial and error involves trying different solutions until one works. For instance, to fix a broken printer, you might check ink levels, ensure the paper tray isn't jammed, and verify the printer's connection to your laptop. This method can be time-consuming but is commonly used. Thomas Edison, for example, used trial and error to find a suitable filament for the light...
424
Predicting Reaction Outcomes02:24

Predicting Reaction Outcomes

Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
10.9K
Random Error01:04

Random Error

Random or indeterminate errors originate from various uncontrollable variables, such as variations in environmental conditions, instrument imperfections, or the inherent variability of the phenomena being measured. Usually, these errors cannot be predicted, estimated, or characterized because their direction and magnitude often vary in magnitude and direction even during consecutive measurements. As a result, they are difficult to eliminate. However, the aggregate effect of these errors can be...
9.8K