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Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers01:22

Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers

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Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass...
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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Inductance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line01:28

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Understanding the inductance of transmission lines is crucial for efficient design and operation in electrical power systems. This discussion delves into the inductance characteristics of single-phase two-wire and three-phase three-wire transmission lines with equal phase spacing.
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Integration of Miniaturized Solid Phase Extraction and LC-MS/MS Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Human Urine for Clinical Applications
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Gradient extractive phase prepared by controlled rate infusion method: An applicable approach in solid phase

Marzieh Enteshari Najafabadi1, Elahe Kazemi1, Habib Bagheri1

  • 1Environmental and Bio-Analytical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-9516, Tehran, Iran.

Journal of Chromatography. A
|September 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel gradient coating for solid-phase microextraction, enhancing non-targeted analysis of environmental contaminants. The new method efficiently extracts a wide range of compounds from water samples.

Keywords:
Compounds with different polaritiesGas chromatographyGradient sorbentNon–targeted analysisSolid phase microextraction

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Non-targeted analysis requires versatile extraction techniques.
  • Existing solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coatings often lack the broad applicability needed for diverse analytes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a novel gradient extractive phase for enhanced non-targeted analysis.
  • To create a continuous gradient of polar and non-polar functional groups on SPME fibers.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of gradient coatings using controlled rate infusion (CRI) of silane precursors (APTES, PTES, OTMS, MTMS).
  • Characterization of coatings using FTIR, contact angle measurements, and SEM.
  • Application of gradient fibers in headspace- and immersed-SPME for analyzing various organic compounds.

Main Results:

  • Gradient coatings exhibited a continuous change in surface chemistry.
  • Optimized method achieved low limits of detection (0.01-0.5 μg/L) and quantification (0.05-1.5 μg/L).
  • Successful application to real water samples with high recoveries (89-105%) for volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Conclusions:

  • The gradient coating demonstrates significant potential for efficient non-targeted analysis.
  • This approach offers improved versatility for extracting diverse chemical compounds compared to uniform coatings.