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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Multiplexed Immunofluorescence Analysis and Quantification of Intratumoral PD-1+ Tim-3+ CD8+ T Cells
Published on: February 8, 2018
CTLA-4, PD-1 and TIM-3 expression predominantly downregulated in MS patients
Adel Mohammadzadeh1, Isa Abdi Rad2, Babak Ahmadi-Salmasi3
1Department of Immunology and genetic, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
Abstract:
Multiple sclerosis (MS), is an autoimmune disorder of central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammation and demyelination. Self-tolerance impairment is considered to be induced by a combination of inherited susceptibility and environmental agents. In this work, we demonstrate that a reduction in the comparative expression of well-known inhibitory receptors (i.e., CTLA-4, PD-1, and TIM-3) is importantly linked with MS patients compared to healthy controls. The relative expression of interested genes was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), by using quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR). Our data highlighted the role of inhibitory receptors in the maintenance of immune homeostasis in autoimmune disease.
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