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Related Concept Videos

Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Precipitation of Ions03:11

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The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Ions and Ionic Charges03:27

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In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons to form electrically charged particles called...
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Average Velocity01:12

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To calculate the other physical quantities in kinematics, we must introduce the time variable. The time variable allows us not only to state the position of the object during its motion, but also how fast it is moving. The speed at which an object is moving is given by the rate at which the position changes with time. For each position xi, we assign a particular time ti. If the details of the motion at each instant are not important, the rate is usually expressed as the average velocity. This...
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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Ultrasound Velocity Measurement in a Liquid Metal Electrode
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Ion Velocity Measurements for the Ionospheric Connections Explorer.

R A Heelis, R A Stoneback, M D Perdue

    Space Science Reviews
    |September 11, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    The Ion Velocity Meter (IVM) on the ICON mission precisely measures ion drift, density, and temperature. This advanced instrument enhances our understanding of the ionosphere and its connection to atmospheric dynamics.

    Keywords:
    Ionosphere DynamicsPlasma Measurements

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    Area of Science:

    • Space Physics
    • Atmospheric Science
    • Geophysics

    Background:

    • The Ionospheric Connections Explorer (ICON) mission aims to study the connection between the neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere.
    • Understanding ionospheric dynamics is crucial for space weather prediction and atmospheric coupling studies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To detail the Ion Velocity Meter (IVM) instrument aboard the ICON spacecraft.
    • To describe the measurement capabilities and operational procedures of the IVM for ionospheric research.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing a retarding potential analyzer (RPA) and an ion drift meter (IDM) with flight heritage.
    • Implementing design and operational improvements for enhanced sensitivity in ion drift vector measurements.

    Main Results:

    • The IVM provides measurements of ion drift, density, temperature, and composition at 575 km altitude.
    • Achieves high accuracy (7.5 ms⁻¹) for meridional ion drift perpendicular to the magnetic meridian under daytime conditions near the magnetic equator.

    Conclusions:

    • The IVM is the most sensitive instrument of its kind fielded to date.
    • Data from the IVM will be integrated with other ICON instruments to investigate neutral-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling mechanisms.