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Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

Bonding in Metals

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Properties of Transition Metals

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Published on: October 27, 2018

Metallic Nanoparticles for Cancer Immunotherapy.

Emily Reiser Evans¹, Pallavi Bugga¹, Vishwaratn Asthana¹

¹Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States.

Materials Today (Kidlington, England)

|September 11, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Metallic nanoparticles show promise for cancer immunotherapy delivery, targeting immune cells effectively. However, challenges remain in translating these preclinical successes into FDA-approved clinical treatments.

Keywords:

Cancer Immunotherapy Nanotechnology

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Last Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

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Published on: June 2, 2017

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Immunology
Materials Science

Background:

Cancer immunotherapy leverages the immune system to combat tumors, offering new treatment options.
Nanoparticles, particularly metallic nanoparticles (MNPs), are explored for targeted delivery of immunotherapeutics due to their unique properties.
MNPs offer advantages like surface functionalization and potential for thermal or optical therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

To review preclinical research and clinical trials of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) in cancer immunotherapy.
To assess the potential for clinical translation of MNP-based cancer immunotherapy strategies.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on MNP applications in cancer immunotherapy.
Analysis of preclinical data and clinical trial outcomes for MNPs.
Evaluation of factors hindering and facilitating clinical translation.

Main Results:

Significant preclinical success has been demonstrated for MNP-mediated immunotherapy platforms.
Few MNPs have advanced to clinical trials, and none have received FDA approval for cancer therapy.
MNPs exhibit favorable biodistribution to immune organs and offer versatile therapeutic functionalities.

Conclusions:

Metallic nanoparticles hold considerable potential for enhancing cancer immunotherapy efficacy.
Overcoming barriers to clinical translation is crucial for realizing the therapeutic benefits of MNPs.
Further research and development are needed to bring MNP-based immunotherapies to patients.