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Related Concept Videos

Language01:16

Language

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Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
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Components of Language01:24

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Language Development01:22

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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Language and Cognition01:27

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Curvilinear Motion: Rectangular Components01:23

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Curvilinear motion characterizes the movement of a particle or object along a curved path, notably evident when envisioning a car navigating a winding road. If the car starts at point A, its position vector is established within a fixed frame of reference, where the ratio of the position vector to its magnitude signifies the unit vector pointing in the position vector's direction.
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Curvilinear Motion: Polar Coordinates01:27

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In polar coordinates, the motion of a particle follows a curvilinear path. The radial coordinate symbolized as 'r,' extends outward from a fixed origin to the particle, while the angular coordinate, 'θ,' measured in radians, represents the counterclockwise angle between a fixed reference line and the radial line connecting the origin to the particle.
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Capturing Phenotypic Heterogeneity in Differentiated Sensory Processing Profiles: Non-Syndromic Autism and Fragile X Syndrome.

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Curvilinear Association Between Language Disfluency and

Jessica Klusek1, Anna Porter2, Leonard Abbeduto3,4

  • 1Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States.

Frontiers in Genetics
|September 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Language production ability is linked to FMR1 CGG repeat length across a wide spectrum. Both low-normal and mid-premutation alleles correlate with increased speech disfluencies in women.

Keywords:
FMR1 phenotypeFMR1 premutationexecutive dysfunctionfragile X carriersgray zonelanguage dysfluencylow-normal CGG repeatsverbal inhibition

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Area of Science:

  • Neurogenetics
  • Human Genetics
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Research on the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1) gene has historically concentrated on CGG expansions causing premutation (55-200 repeats) and fragile X syndrome (>200 repeats).
  • Emerging evidence indicates that CGG repeat lengths within the typical 'normal' range may also influence phenotypes.
  • The relationship between CGG repeat length and language production, particularly across the full allele spectrum, remains underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between language production ability and FMR1 CGG repeat length across normal, intermediate, and premutation ranges.
  • To examine language disfluencies as an index of language production skills.
  • To test the Inhibition Deficit Hypothesis by assessing verbal inhibition skills as a correlate of language disfluency.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 61 adult women (mothers of children with developmental disorders) with varying FMR1 CGG repeat lengths (normal, intermediate, premutation) was recruited.
  • Language samples were analyzed for disfluency frequency, and verbal inhibition was assessed using the Hayling Sentence Completion Test.
  • FMR1 CGG repeat size was determined from blood samples, and statistical models analyzed the relationship between repeat length and disfluency, controlling for covariates.

Main Results:

  • A significant curvilinear association was found between FMR1 CGG repeat length and language disfluency.
  • Higher rates of disfluency were observed in individuals with low-normal (around <25 repeats) and mid-premutation (around 90-110 repeats) alleles.
  • Language disfluency was not associated with deficits in verbal inhibition, challenging the Inhibition Deficit Hypothesis and suggesting a primary language-based deficit.

Conclusions:

  • FMR1 CGG repeat length influences language production ability across a spectrum of allele sizes, including those considered normal.
  • The findings suggest that CGG repeat variations in FMR1 can lead to observable differences in speech fluency.
  • Elevated language disfluency in FMR1-associated conditions may stem from primary language deficits rather than solely inhibitory control issues.