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Mass Spectrometry: Overview01:19

Mass Spectrometry: Overview

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Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique used to determine the molecular mass and molecular formula of a compound. The basic principle of mass spectrometry is to generate ions from the analyte molecule and measure these ion abundances against their molecular mass. One common type of ionization, known as electron ionization or EI, bombards the analyte molecules in the gas phase with high-energy electron beams. The electron beams displace an electron from the molecule and leave behind a...
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Tandem Mass Spectrometry01:21

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

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Tandem mass spectrometry is a technique that uses multiple mass analyzers in series to obtain a higher selectivity and reduce chemical noise during analyte detection. Instruments with multiple analyzers separated by an interaction cell enable secondary fragmentation and selected study of the fragment ions.Secondary fragmentations occur in the interaction cell and can be induced by various factors. Fragmentation induced by collision with inert gases, such as N2, Ar, He, etc., is called...
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Mass Spectrometry: Isotope Effect01:13

Mass Spectrometry: Isotope Effect

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Most elements exist in nature as a mixture of isotopes. The isotopes differ in weight due to their respective number of neutrons. The molecular weight of a molecule is different depending on the specific isotope of its elements involved. As a result, the mass spectrum of the molecule exhibits peaks from the same fragment at multiple positions. The positions of these mass signals depend on the mass differences between isotopes. Furthermore, the intensity of these signals is dependent on the...
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In mass spectroscopy, amines undergo fragmentation to give parent ions with odd molecule weights. This observed mass spectrum follows the nitrogen rule; a molecule with an odd number of nitrogen atoms produces a molecular ion with an odd molecular weight. Amines undergo fragmentation through α cleavage, producing nitrogen-containing cations—iminium ions—and alkyl radicals. Mass spectra of aromatic and cyclic aliphatic amines exhibit strong molecular ion peaks, but acyclic...
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Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry01:21

Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry

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The molecular ion peak of a molecule in the mass spectrum provides vital information for molecular identification. However, conventional electron impact ionization can lead to the rapid dissociation of some molecular ions before they reach the detector. A milder ionization method is required to increase the lifetime of such ionized analyte molecules. Chemical ionization (CI) is a gas-phase protonation reaction useful for mass-analyzing analyte molecules that are easily protonated to yield the...
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Mass Spectrometry: Alkene Fragmentation00:59

Mass Spectrometry: Alkene Fragmentation

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Alkenes lose one electron from the unsaturated π bond upon ionization and form stable molecular ions. Further fragmentation of alkenes occurs through three different reaction pathways. The most prominent fragmentation is the cleavage at the allylic position. The resultant allylic carbocation is resonance stabilized. In the mass spectra of terminal alkenes, this fragment appears at a mass-to-charge ratio of 41. In the internal alkenes, where there are two choices of allylic cleavage, the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Spatial Molecular Imaging of the Glycome Using Mass Spectrometry
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Spatial Molecular Imaging of the Glycome Using Mass Spectrometry

Published on: November 28, 2025

553

Advances in mass spectrometry-based glycomics.

Xue Dong1, Yifan Huang1, Byeong Gwan Cho1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.

Electrophoresis
|September 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Glycosylation, a key protein modification, is complex. Recent mass spectrometry (MS) advances improve glycomic analysis, enabling better structural and quantitative insights into glycans.

Keywords:
LC-MS/MSglycanisomeric separationliquid chromatographymass spectrometryquantitative analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Posttranslational modifications, like glycosylation, diversify protein functions.
  • Glycans attached to proteins are crucial for cellular activities.
  • Glycan structural complexity presents challenges for glycomic analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements (2012-2018) in mass spectrometry (MS)-based glycomic analysis.
  • To highlight progress in glycomics workflow, including sample preparation and separation.
  • To describe the development of quantitative glycomics approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on mass spectrometry (MS) techniques: ionization, tandem MS, and MS-coupled separation.
  • Discuss advancements in glycan release, purification, derivatization, and separation.
  • Cover comparative and multiplex approaches for quantitative glycomics.

Main Results:

  • Recent MS-based techniques have significantly improved glycan structural elucidation and quantitation.
  • Progress in sample preparation and separation techniques facilitates comprehensive glycomic analysis.
  • Development of quantitative methods enables comparative and multiplex glycomic studies.

Conclusions:

  • Mass spectrometry has become a powerful tool for overcoming glycomic complexity.
  • Advancements in MS and workflow optimization enhance the structural and quantitative analysis of glycans.
  • The field of quantitative glycomics is rapidly advancing, offering deeper biological insights.