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Related Concept Videos

Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the oxidation number (or oxidation state). It represents the effective charge of an atom or element, which is assigned using a set of rules.
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A strong acid is a compound that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution and produces a concentration of hydronium ions equal to the initial concentration of acid. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid will dissociate completely in water and produces 0.20 M of hydronium ions and 0.20 M of bromide ions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Fabrication of a Solution-gated Indium-Tin-Oxide-based One-piece Transistor Enabling Sensitive Biosensing
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Fabrication of a Solution-gated Indium-Tin-Oxide-based One-piece Transistor Enabling Sensitive Biosensing

Published on: August 29, 2025

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All Polymer Solution Processed Electrochromic Devices: A Future without Indium Tin Oxide?

Michel De Keersmaecker1, Augustus W Lang1, Anna M Österholm1

  • 1School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|September 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a new method to enhance the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS, a transparent conducting electrode (TCE) material, making it suitable for flexible optoelectronic devices. This advancement supports sustainable technology by improving energy efficiency.

Keywords:
PEDOT:PSSelectrical conductivityelectrochemical impedance spectroscopyelectrochromic deviceselectrochromic polymerelectrochromism

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Optoelectronics

Background:

  • Optoelectronic and electrochromic devices (ECDs) require materials with high electrical conductivity and optical transparency.
  • Current transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) face limitations in cost, weight, scalability, and flexibility.
  • There is a need for advanced TCEs to enable sustainable technologies and reduce energy consumption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a cost-effective and scalable method for producing highly conductive and transparent PEDOT:PSS films.
  • To investigate the structural and electrical properties of post-treated PEDOT:PSS films.
  • To evaluate the performance of PEDOT:PSS as a replacement for indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes in electrochromic devices (ECDs).

Main Methods:

  • Solution processing of PEDOT:PSS using blade coating.
  • Post-treatment with nitric and acetic acid to enhance conductivity.
  • Characterization using grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GWAXS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).

Main Results:

  • Achieved PEDOT:PSS conductivity exceeding 2000 S cm-1 with approximately 95% transparency.
  • Identified removal of excess insulating PSS and induced reordering as critical for conductivity enhancement.
  • Demonstrated comparable electrochromic contrast and optical memory in ECDs using PEDOT:PSS compared to ITO electrodes.

Conclusions:

  • Post-treated PEDOT:PSS offers a promising alternative to ITO for transparent conducting electrodes in flexible electronic devices.
  • The developed method provides a scalable and cost-effective route for high-performance TCEs.
  • The findings are transferable to other redox-active devices beyond the battery-type ECD configuration studied.