[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder beyond adolescence. Time to think different?]

Area of Science:

• Neurodevelopmental Disorders
• General Medicine
• Public Health

Background:

• Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder impacting daily life and academic performance.
• While psychiatric comorbidities of ADHD are well-documented, its broader impact on general health remains under-explored.
• Existing research has not fully addressed the spectrum of medical issues associated with ADHD.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review common medical problems linked to ADHD, including substance use and chronic diseases.
• To highlight the necessity of integrating general medicine follow-up with psychiatric care for ADHD patients.
• To underscore the significant health repercussions of ADHD beyond emotional and academic effects.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of common medical conditions associated with ADHD.
• Analysis of the impact of ADHD on physical health outcomes.
• Synthesis of information on medical comorbidities and their management.

Main Results:

• ADHD is associated with increased risks of smoking, substance use, accidents, sleep disorders, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes.
• These conditions can lead to severe chronic diseases and premature mortality.
• The overall health impact of ADHD extends significantly beyond psychiatric symptoms.

Conclusions:

• Close medical follow-up for ADHD patients is crucial, addressing both psychiatric and general medicine concerns.
• A multidisciplinary approach is essential to manage the complex health needs of individuals with ADHD.
• Early intervention and comprehensive care can mitigate severe chronic diseases and reduce healthcare costs.