[Synostosic and non-synostosic cranial deformities]

Area of Science:

• Pediatrics
• Neurosurgery
• Developmental Biology

Background:

• Increased incidence of infant skull deformities, particularly positional plagiocephaly, linked to supine sleep recommendations.
• Clinical differentiation between positional plagiocephaly and craniosynostosis is essential due to distinct management pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

• To outline diagnostic approaches for infant skull deformities.
• To differentiate between positional plagiocephaly and craniosynostosis.
• To guide management strategies for both conditions.

Main Methods:

• Clinical evaluation as the primary diagnostic tool.
• Three-dimensional skull tomography (bone window) for high sensitivity and specificity.
• Radiography or ultrasound for ambiguous cases.

Main Results:

• Craniosynostosis necessitates prompt referral to a craniofacial team for surgical planning.
• Positional plagiocephaly, even when treated, may be associated with a higher risk of motor development delay.
• Mild to moderate positional plagiocephaly can be managed with repositioning and physical therapy; severe cases may require cranial orthotics.

Conclusions:

• Accurate diagnosis is critical for appropriate infant skull deformity management.
• Timely intervention for craniosynostosis prevents long-term neurocognitive and psychosocial complications.
• Positional plagiocephaly management should address potential motor development delays alongside cranial correction.