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Related Concept Videos

Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

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The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow...
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Channel Rhodopsins01:11

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Most organisms use photoreceptors to sense and respond to light. Examples of photoreceptors include bacteriorhodopsins and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria, phytochromes in plants, and rhodopsins in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebral retina. The light-sensitive property of these receptors is because of the bound chromophores, such as bilin in the phytochromes and retinal in the rhodopsins.
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Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

Non-gated Ion Channels

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Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
Compared to the gated ion channels, the non-gated channels, also known as leakage or passive channels, have no gating mechanism....
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Channels of Non-Verbal Communication01:28

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Non-verbal communication plays a critical role in human interaction, influencing how individuals perceive emotions and psychological states. It operates through four primary channels: facial expressions, eye contact, body language, and touch. These non-verbal cues help convey meaning beyond spoken language and are often culturally influenced.Facial Expressions and Emotional RecognitionFacial expressions are among the most powerful and universal forms of non-verbal communication. Research has...
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G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory...
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Ligand-gated Ion Channels01:19

Ligand-gated Ion Channels

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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins with a channel for ions to pass through and a binding site for a ligand. The channel opens only when a ligand attaches to the binding site.
Three Subfamilies of Ligand-gated Ion Channels
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve
10:53

Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve

Published on: October 8, 2014

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CRAC channel-based optogenetics.

Nhung Thi Nguyen1, Guolin Ma1, Eena Lin1

  • 1Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Cell Calcium
|September 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Store-operated Ca²+ entry (SOCE) is crucial for cell function. Optogenetic tools now allow researchers to precisely control and study the molecular mechanisms of SOCE activation and its downstream effects.

Keywords:
CRISPR/Cas9Ion channelMembrane contact sitesORAIOptogeneticsStromal interaction molecule

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Physiology

Background:

  • Store-operated Ca²+ entry (SOCE) is a fundamental Ca²+ influx pathway regulating diverse physiological processes.
  • In non-excitable cells, CRAC channels (ORAI/STIM) mediate SOCE at ER-PM contact sites.
  • STIM1 activation involves Ca²+ store depletion, conformational changes, and interaction with ORAI channels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To recapitulate STIM1-mediated SOCE activation using optogenetic engineering.
  • To investigate the molecular steps of SOCE activation.
  • To enable remote and reversible control of Ca²+-dependent cellular processes.

Main Methods:

  • Engineering CRAC channels with optogenetic tools.
  • Utilizing STIM1-based optogenetic constructs.
  • Integration with CRISPR/Cas9 for transcriptional reprogramming.

Main Results:

  • Successful recapitulation of STIM1-mediated SOCE activation.
  • Mechanistic insights into key molecular steps of SOCE.
  • Demonstration of optogenetic control over Ca²+ signaling and cellular functions.

Conclusions:

  • Optogenetic tools provide a powerful approach to study SOCE.
  • These tools allow precise control over Ca²+ influx and downstream cellular events.
  • Future applications include studying inter-organellar tethering and transcriptional regulation.