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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of Respiratory System II: Lower Respiratory Tract01:31

Anatomy of Respiratory System II: Lower Respiratory Tract

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The lower respiratory tract is anatomically composed of several vital structures, including the larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli, lungs, and pleurae. Each component has a specific function, and all are intricately connected to ensure efficient respiration.
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The respiratory system is comprised of the organs that enable breathing. Air enters the nostrils and mouth, followed by the pharynx (throat) and larynx (voice box), which lead to the trachea (windpipe). In the thoracic cavity, the trachea splits into two bronchi that allow air to enter the lungs. The bronchi split into progressively smaller bronchioles and terminate in small groups of tiny sacs in the lungs called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
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Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract01:29

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The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
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Respiratory capacities are crucial indicators of lung function, representing the maximum amount of air an individual's respiratory system can handle during various breathing phases.
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Respiratory volumes are crucial metrics, meticulously measured to quantify the air exchanged in and out of the lungs during various phases of the breathing cycle. These precise measurements are vital for assessing lung function, diagnosing respiratory conditions, and monitoring overall respiratory health. Each parameter provides specific insights into the mechanics of breathing and the functional capacity of the lungs.
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Overview of Respiratory System

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The respiratory system is a complex biological apparatus that facilitates the exchange of gases, specifically oxygen and carbon dioxide, between our bodies and the environment. This system plays a vital role in the physiological process of respiration, an essential function for sustaining life.
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Related Experiment Video

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Assessment of Respiratory Function in Conscious Mice by Double-chamber Plethysmography
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Respiratory

Andreas Jeron1,2, Julia D Boehme3,4, Julia Volckmar5,6

  • 1Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany. Andreas.Jeron@med.ovgu.de.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|September 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Respiratory bacterial carriage, like Bordetella bronchiseptica, primes the immune system, impacting subsequent infections. This immune modulation can be beneficial or detrimental, depending on the pathogen and infection site.

Keywords:
Bordetella bronchisepticaListeria monocytogenesinfluenza A viruspolymicrobial interactionsregulatory T cellsrespiratory immune regulationrespiratory microbial carriagesecondary infectionsvaccination

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Respiratory Health

Background:

  • The respiratory tract frequently harbors microorganisms, but their impact on host immunity is not fully understood.
  • Bacterial carriage can influence immune responses to subsequent infections, yet the mechanisms are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the immunological consequences of respiratory bacterial carriage using Bordetella bronchiseptica as a model.
  • To determine how respiratory carriage affects T cell responses and susceptibility to secondary infections.

Main Methods:

  • Mice were colonized with Bordetella bronchiseptica to model respiratory carriage.
  • Immune responses, including T cell activation and transcriptional changes, were analyzed.
  • Leukocyte transfer experiments were conducted to assess functional immune effects.
  • Mice were subsequently challenged with Bordetella bronchiseptica or Listeria monocytogenes, or vaccinated/infected with influenza A virus.

Main Results:

  • Bordetella bronchiseptica carriage stimulated Bordetella-specific CD4+, CD8+, and regulatory T cell responses.
  • Leukocyte transfer from carriers worsened Bordetella bronchiseptica burden in recipients.
  • Carriage conferred protection against systemic Listeria monocytogenes infection.
  • Adaptive immunity to vaccination and influenza A virus infection remained unaffected.

Conclusions:

  • Respiratory bacterial carriage triggers complex immune modulatory processes.
  • The effects of carriage on immunity are pathogen- and compartment-specific, potentially beneficial or detrimental.
  • Understanding these modulatory effects is crucial for predicting outcomes of secondary infections and optimizing immune interventions.