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Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

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Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
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Acute Respiratory Failure-I01:21

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Acute respiratory failure is a condition characterized by the inability of the lungs to perform their primary function: gas exchange. This failure leads to insufficient oxygen levels (hypoxemia) in the blood, elevated carbon dioxide levels (hypercapnia), or both, causing critical impairment in organ function.
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Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
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Acute Respiratory Failure-V01:29

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The treatment for acute respiratory failure varies based on factors like the underlying cause, overall health, and severity. A collaborative healthcare team is essential for early detection, often through arterial blood gas analysis. Identifying the cause is the primary goal, with treatment strategies adjusted for ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch, shunting, or diffusion impairment.
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Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Author Spotlight: Investigating HR-Dependent Cardiac Function in Mouse Models Through a Novel Atrial-Pacing Approach
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Failure to detect

Chaoqun Yao1,2, Liza Köster2,3,4, Brandon Halper1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St Kitts, West Indies.

JFMS Open Reports
|September 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study found no evidence of Tritrichomonas foetus in domestic cats on St Kitts, West Indies. Further research should consider potential PCR inhibitors in fecal DNA samples for accurate gastrointestinal pathogen detection.

Keywords:
Feline trichomonosisPCRSt KittsTritrichomonas foetuscell cultureferal cat

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Parasitology
  • Feline Infectious Diseases
  • Molecular Diagnostics

Background:

  • Feline trichomonosis, caused by Tritrichomonas foetus, is a recognized large-bowel protozoan disease in domestic cats with a wide distribution.
  • Despite its prevalence, there are no existing reports of Tritrichomonas foetus in the Caribbean region.
  • This study addresses the knowledge gap regarding the presence of this pathogen in feline populations within the Caribbean.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the presence and prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus in domestic cats on St Kitts, West Indies.
  • To investigate the occurrence of feline trichomonosis in a previously unsurveyed region.
  • To establish a baseline for future epidemiological studies of feline gastrointestinal pathogens in the Caribbean.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2014 to December 2015, involving 115 feral cats and 37 owned cats.
  • Fecal samples were analyzed using InPouch culture and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for Tritrichomonas foetus detection.
  • A housekeeping gene (Felis catus NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6) was used for DNA quality control.

Main Results:

  • None of the 152 fecal samples tested positive for Tritrichomonas foetus via InPouch culture.
  • PCR analysis also failed to detect Tritrichomonas foetus in any of the analyzed samples.
  • A significant proportion of feral cat DNA samples (34/69) showed inhibition of PCR, potentially affecting pathogen detection.

Conclusions:

  • Tritrichomonas foetus was not detected in domestic cats on St Kitts using either culture or PCR methods.
  • The presence of PCR inhibitors in fecal DNA samples may lead to an underestimation of pathogen prevalence.
  • Future gastrointestinal pathogen surveys relying on molecular methods should account for potential PCR inhibition for accurate results.