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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks
Published on: December 9, 2011
Spin-coated planar Sb
Pascal Kaienburg1, Benjamin Klingebiel1, Thomas Kirchartz1,2
1IEK5-Photovoltaics, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
Abstract:
Antimony sulfide solar cells have demonstrated an efficiency exceeding 7% when assembled in an extremely thin absorber configuration deposited via chemical bath deposition. More recently, less complex, planar geometries were obtained from simple spin-coating approaches, but the device efficiency still lags behind. We compare two processing routes based on different precursors reported in the literature. By studying the film morphology, sub-bandgap absorption and solar cell performance, improved annealing procedures are found and the crystallization temperature is shown to be critical. In order to determine the optimized processing conditions, the role of the polymeric hole transport material is discussed. The efficiency of our best solar cells exceeds previous reports for each processing route, and our champion device displays one of the highest efficiencies reported for planar antimony sulfide solar cells.
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