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Related Concept Videos

Habitat Fragmentation02:31

Habitat Fragmentation

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Habitat fragmentation describes the division of a more extensive, continuous habitat into smaller, discontinuous areas. Human activities such as land conversion, as well as slower geological processes leading to changes in the physical environment, are the two leading causes of habitat fragmentation. The fragmentation process typically follows the same steps: perforation, dissection, fragmentation, shrinkage, and attrition.
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Mass Spectrometry: Alkene Fragmentation00:59

Mass Spectrometry: Alkene Fragmentation

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Alkenes lose one electron from the unsaturated π bond upon ionization and form stable molecular ions. Further fragmentation of alkenes occurs through three different reaction pathways. The most prominent fragmentation is the cleavage at the allylic position. The resultant allylic carbocation is resonance stabilized. In the mass spectra of terminal alkenes, this fragment appears at a mass-to-charge ratio of 41. In the internal alkenes, where there are two choices of allylic cleavage, the...
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Mass Spectrometry: Amine Fragmentation00:55

Mass Spectrometry: Amine Fragmentation

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Amines can be identified using mass spectroscopy based on their characteristic fragmentation patterns. The molecular ions of amines undergo fragmentation via ⍺-cleavage. The ⍺-cleavage of the carbon-carbon bonds in amines generates an alkyl radical and resonance-stabilized nitrogen-containing cation.
In amines, the number of nitrogen atoms affects the mass of the molecular ion, which is described by the nitrogen rule of mass spectrometry. This rule states that a compound containing a single...
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Mass Spectrometry: Cycloalkane Fragmentation01:05

Mass Spectrometry: Cycloalkane Fragmentation

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In mass spectrometry, cycloalkanes exhibit distinct fragmentation patterns due to the inherent stability of their molecular ions compared to linear or branched alkanes. The ring structure of cycloalkanes provides additional stability to the molecular ions, often resulting in prominent ion peaks in the mass spectrum.
For example, cyclohexane molecular ions have a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of 84, which tends to produce a stronger signal than linear alkanes like hexane. This stability comes from...
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Mass Spectrometry: Cycloalkene Fragmentation00:54

Mass Spectrometry: Cycloalkene Fragmentation

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The molecular ions of cycloalkenes undergo fragmentation via a retro-Diels–Alder reaction.
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Mass Spectrometry: Alkyne Fragmentation00:53

Mass Spectrometry: Alkyne Fragmentation

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The fragmentation of alkynes preferentially occurs at the carbon–carbon bond between the α and β carbon of the alkyne bond to generate a 3-propynyl cation (or propargyl cation). In terminal alkynes, there is the only type of fragmentation that yields the 3-propynyl cation. The unsubstituted 3-propynyl cation exhibits a peak at a mass-to-charge ratio of 39. In internal alkynes, the 3-propynyl cation is substituted. For example, 2-pentyne fragments into methyl-substituted 3-propynyl cation,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Electroeluting DNA Fragments
06:13

Electroeluting DNA Fragments

Published on: September 5, 2010

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Early fragment removal on

Seok-Gi Kim1,2, Youn-Young Kim1, Ji-Young Park1

  • 1IVF Center, Mamapapa and Baby Clinic, Ulsan, Korea.

Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
|September 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Removing early embryo fragments on day 2 of in vitro fertilization (IVF) significantly boosts embryo development and pregnancy success rates. This procedure enhances the morphological grade of fragmented embryos, leading to better outcomes.

Keywords:
Day 2 embryosEmbryo fragmentationEmbryo gradeFragment removalPregnancy outcome

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Embryology
  • In Vitro Fertilization

Background:

  • Embryo fragmentation is a common challenge in in vitro fertilization (IVF).
  • High fragmentation levels (grade 3 or 4) can negatively impact embryo development and implantation potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of early fragment removal on day 2 of IVF.
  • To compare pregnancy and embryo development outcomes between fragmented embryos with and without fragment removal.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 191 IVF cycles with fragmented embryos (day 2).
  • Fragment removal performed using microsurgical techniques after incubation in specialized medium.
  • Comparison between a fragment removal group (n=87) and a control group (n=104).

Main Results:

  • Fragment removal significantly improved embryo morphological grade (1.9 vs. 3.1, p<0.01).
  • Clinical pregnancy rates were higher in the fragment removal group (43.7% vs. 28.8%, p<0.05).
  • Implantation rates were also significantly higher with fragment removal (25.8% vs. 14.0%, p<0.05).

Conclusions:

  • Early fragment removal on day 2 is a beneficial intervention for fragmented embryos.
  • This procedure enhances embryo quality and improves clinical pregnancy and implantation rates in IVF.