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Related Concept Videos

Buffers02:56

Buffers

173.1K
A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...
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Lagging Strand Synthesis01:59

Lagging Strand Synthesis

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During replication, the complementary strands in double-stranded DNA are synthesized at different rates. Replication first begins on the leading strand. Replication starts later, occurs more slowly, and proceeds discontinuously on the lagging strand.
There are several major differences between synthesis of the leading strand and synthesis of the lagging strand. 1) Leading strand synthesis happens in the direction of replication fork opening, whereas lagging strand synthesis happens in the...
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Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins01:03

Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins

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For successful DNA replication, the unwinding of double-stranded DNA must be accompanied by stabilization and protection of the separated single strands of the DNA. This crucial task is performed by single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins. They bind to the DNA in a sequence-independent manner, which means that the nitrogenous bases of the DNA need not be present in a specific order for binding of SSB proteins to it. The binding of SSB proteins straightens single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and makes...
16.7K
Buffers: Buffer Capacity01:09

Buffers: Buffer Capacity

2.5K
Buffer capacity is the quantitative measure of a buffer to resist the change in pH. As shown in the following equation, the buffer capacity, denoted by 'beta', is expressed as the number of moles of acid or base needed to change the pH of a one-liter buffer solution by 1 unit. Here, Ca and Cb indicate the number of moles of acid and base, respectively. Note that dpH represents the change in pH.
In the graph, pH is plotted as a function of the number of moles of base (Cb) added to a weak...
2.5K
Fixing Double-strand Breaks02:04

Fixing Double-strand Breaks

14.8K
The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
14.8K
Buffer Effectiveness02:19

Buffer Effectiveness

55.4K
Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
The buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added to a given volume...
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Separation of Single-stranded DNA, Double-stranded DNA and RNA from an Environmental Viral Community Using Hydroxyapatite Chromatography
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DNA Strand Buffers.

Dominic Scalise, Nisita Dutta, Rebecca Schulman

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    Researchers developed novel oligonucleotide buffers to precisely control DNA concentrations, enabling stable and reliable operation of DNA-based systems. These buffers offer tunable set points, resistance to disturbances, and rapid response times.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Molecular Biology

    Background:

    • Traditional buffer systems primarily regulate ion concentrations like hydronium (pH).
    • Existing buffering mechanisms are limited in controlling complex molecules such as DNA sequences.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a new class of buffers capable of regulating short DNA sequences (oligonucleotides).
    • To provide a mathematical framework for designing and tuning oligonucleotide buffers.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of mathematical formulas for selecting rate constants to control buffer properties (set point, capacity, response time).
    • Design of specific DNA sequences and concentrations to achieve desired rate constants.
    • Experimental demonstration of oligonucleotide buffers maintaining stable concentrations under varying conditions.

    Main Results:

    • Oligonucleotide buffers successfully maintained set point concentrations between 10 and 80 nM despite disturbances from 50 to 500 nM.
    • Response times for these buffers ranged from under 10 minutes to 1.5 hours.
    • Demonstrated parallel operation of multiple buffers without cross-interference.

    Conclusions:

    • Oligonucleotide buffers offer a robust method for stabilizing DNA concentrations in synthetic biology and self-assembly.
    • These buffers can enhance the reliability and duration of DNA-based molecular systems.
    • The buffering principle can potentially be extended to other molecular species beyond DNA.