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Related Concept Videos

Migration00:53

Migration

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Migration is long-range, seasonal movement from one region or habitat to another. This common strategy, carried out by many different organisms around the world, is an adaptive response that typically corresponds to changes in an organism’s environment, like resource availability or climate. Migrations can involve huge groups of thousands of animals as well as single individuals traveling alone and can range from thousands of kilometers to just a few hundred meters.
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Cell Migration01:19

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Cell migration is a process by which the cells move from one location to another, playing an essential role in embryological development, repair and regeneration, immune response, and metastasis. Cells migrate in response to chemical or mechanical signals generated by specific organs or tissues. The overall mechanism includes three steps - polarization, protrusion, and release. Polarization involves the formation of a distinct cell front and rear, which determines the direction of movement.
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Cell Migration01:09

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Cell migration, the process by which cells move from one location to another, is essential for the proper development and viability of organisms throughout their life. When cells are not able to migrate properly to their ordained locations, various disorders may occur. For example, disruption in cell migration causes chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis.
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Predator-Prey Interactions02:39

Predator-Prey Interactions

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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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What is a Species?01:17

What is a Species?

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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

In situ Protocol for Butterfly Pupal Wings Using Riboprobes
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Demystifying Monarch Butterfly Migration.

Steven M Reppert1, Jacobus C de Roode2

  • 1Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.

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|September 12, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Millions of monarch butterflies migrate annually, utilizing sun and magnetic compasses for navigation. This remarkable journey is being studied to understand the genetic and neural basis of long-distance animal migration.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology and evolutionary biology
  • Neurobiology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Monarch butterflies undertake a multi-generational, long-distance migration to Mexico each fall.
  • Migration aids survival by avoiding cold, scarce resources, and parasite infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the evolutionary history and navigational mechanisms of monarch butterfly migration.
  • To investigate the genetic and neurobiological underpinnings of this complex behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on monarch migration.
  • Analysis of navigational cues including sun compass and magnetic compass.
  • Discussion of genomic and gene-editing approaches.

Main Results:

  • Monarchs use a time-compensated sun compass, reliant on an antennal circadian clock.
  • A light-dependent magnetic compass is employed under overcast conditions.
  • Environmental factors and social interactions may also aid navigation.

Conclusions:

  • The monarch butterfly is a valuable model organism for studying the ecological, neural, and genetic factors of long-distance animal migration.
  • Understanding monarch migration offers insights into the evolution and mechanisms of animal navigation.