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Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines01:19

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

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Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary...
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Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

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Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
4.7K
Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones01:38

Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones

3.8K
Carbonyl compounds and primary amines undergo reductive amination first to produce imines, followed by secondary amines in the same reaction mixture, using selective reducing agents like sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride. Reductive amination produces different degrees of substitution of amines depending on the starting amine substrate.
3.8K
Structure of Amines01:19

Structure of Amines

3.3K
The hybridized nitrogen atom in amines possesses a lone pair of electrons and is bound to three substituents with a bond angle of around 108°, which is less than the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°. However, the C–N–H bond angle is slightly larger at 112°, with a carbon–nitrogen bond length of 147 pm. This carbon–nitrogen bond length of of amines is longer than the carbon–oxygen bond of alcohols (143 pm) but shorter than alkanes’ carbon–carbon bond (154 pm). These aspects are...
3.3K
Amines: Introduction01:07

Amines: Introduction

5.7K
Amines are organic derivatives of ammonia. They are formed by replacing one or more ammonia protons with alkyl or aryl groups. Depending upon the number of organyl groups bonded to nitrogen, amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Primary amines have one organyl group attached to the nitrogen atom, while secondary and tertiary amines have two and three organyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom, respectively.
5.7K
Nomenclature of Primary Amines01:17

Nomenclature of Primary Amines

4.5K
Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are compounds consisting of one, two, and three alkyl groups connected to the amino group (–NH2), respectively. As depicted in Figure 1, the common name of the primary amines is obtained by adding the suffix -amine to the alkyl substituent attached to the amino group as the corresponding alkylamine.
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Poly(amine) modified kaolinite clay for VOC capture.

Maria I Swasy1, McKenzie L Campbell1, Beau R Brummel1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.

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|September 12, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Polyethylenimine-functionalized kaolinite clay effectively remediates volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This clay material significantly reduces odors from rendering plants by capturing harmful compounds in vapor phase applications.

Keywords:
Environmental samplingKaolinitePEIRenderingVOCsVolatile fatty acids

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pose environmental and health risks.
  • Kaolinite clay is an abundant natural material with potential for remediation.
  • Polyethylenimine (PEI) functionalization can enhance clay's adsorption properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To prepare and characterize PEI-functionalized kaolinite clay.
  • To assess its efficacy in remediating VOCs, including aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and disulfides.
  • To evaluate its performance in a real-world application for odor control at a rendering plant.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation and characterization of PEI-functionalized kaolinite clay.
  • Gas chromatographic vapor capture assay for VOC remediation.
  • Field testing using packed cartridges in a packed-bed scrubber system.

Main Results:

  • PEI-functionalized kaolinite demonstrated high efficiency in capturing VOCs, achieving up to 100% reduction.
  • Unmodified kaolinite showed limited effectiveness in VOC remediation.
  • Field tests confirmed significant reduction of volatile fatty acids, reducing nuisance odors.

Conclusions:

  • PEI-functionalized kaolinite is a promising material for VOC remediation.
  • The material shows potential for application in packed-bed scrubbers for odor control in industrial settings.
  • This functionalized clay offers an effective solution for reducing environmental pollutants.