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Related Concept Videos

Constant Volume Calorimetry02:41

Constant Volume Calorimetry

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Calorimeters are useful to determine the heat released or absorbed by a chemical reaction. Coffee cup calorimeters are designed to operate at constant (atmospheric) pressure and are convenient to measure heat flow (or enthalpy change) accompanying processes that occur in solution at constant pressure. A different type of calorimeter that operates at constant volume, colloquially known as a bomb calorimeter, is used to measure the energy produced by reactions that yield large amounts of heat and...
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The apparent volume of distribution (Vd) is a crucial pharmacokinetic parameter representing the hypothetical body fluid volume into which a drug disperses. It is calculated based on the total amount of drug in the body (estimated from the administered dose and bioavailability) divided by the plasma drug concentration. The total amount of drug in the body does not directly refer to the dose given but is derived by accounting for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion processes.
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Problem Solving: Volume01:13

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The volume of a fuel tank mounted on the wing of a jet aircraft can be modeled using the concept of solids of revolution. In this case, the tank is formed by rotating a two-dimensional region, defined by a mathematical function, about the x-axis. The region extends along the axis from zero to two meters, and the resulting three-dimensional shape is symmetric about the axis of rotation. Because the boundary curve lies directly against the axis, the disk method is an appropriate technique for...
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Respiratory volumes are crucial metrics, meticulously measured to quantify the air exchanged in and out of the lungs during various phases of the breathing cycle. These precise measurements are vital for assessing lung function, diagnosing respiratory conditions, and monitoring overall respiratory health. Each parameter provides specific insights into the mechanics of breathing and the functional capacity of the lungs.
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Work Done During Volume Change01:17

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In mechanics, work is done on an object when the force acting on it displaces the object. In thermodynamics, work done on a system can be estimated when the system's volume changes during any thermodynamic process.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Modeling Brain Metastases Through Intracranial Injection and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Is intracranial volume a suitable proxy for brain reserve?

Anna Catharina van Loenhoud1, Colin Groot2, Jacob William Vogel2,3

  • 1Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. a.vanloenhoud@vumc.nl.

Alzheimer'S Research & Therapy
|September 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Brain reserve, explaining better outcomes in Alzheimer's disease (AD), is linked to larger brain volume. Intracranial volume (ICV) is a useful, though imperfect, proxy for brain reserve, showing association with higher cognitive performance.

Keywords:
Alzheimer’s diseaseBrain reserveDementiaIntracranial volumeMRIResilience

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Brain reserve concept explains differential clinical outcomes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on pre-onset brain volume.
  • The dynamic or static nature, underlying mechanisms, and clinical effects of brain reserve require further elucidation.
  • Historical operationalization of brain reserve is reviewed, with critical evaluation of intracranial volume (ICV) as a proxy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the concept of brain reserve and its historical development.
  • To critically evaluate the use of intracranial volume (ICV) as a proxy for brain reserve.
  • To assess the association between ICV and cognitive performance in the context of Alzheimer's disease pathology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of brain reserve concepts and operationalization.
  • Critical analysis of intracranial volume (ICV) as a measure of brain reserve.
  • Meta-analysis to examine the relationship between ICV and cognitive performance, adjusting for Alzheimer's disease pathology.

Main Results:

  • Intracranial volume (ICV) is the most commonly used proxy for brain reserve.
  • Meta-analysis demonstrates that ICV is associated with higher cognitive performance, even after accounting for Alzheimer's disease presence and severity.
  • The use of ICV as a proxy for brain reserve is currently supported despite acknowledged limitations.

Conclusions:

  • Intracranial volume (ICV) is a warranted, albeit imperfect, proxy for brain reserve in Alzheimer's disease research.
  • Further research is needed to develop more precise measures of brain reserve.
  • A refined theoretical framework is essential for advancing the understanding and application of the brain reserve concept.