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Related Concept Videos

Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups01:09

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Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...
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Ortho–para directors are substituent groups attached to the benzene ring and direct the addition of an electrophile to the positions ortho or para to the substituent. All electron-donating groups are considered ortho–para directors. They donate electrons to the ring and make the ring more electron-rich. The ring is therefore susceptible to the addition of electrophiles. Substituents such as amino, hydroxy, or alkoxy, containing lone pairs on the atom adjacent to the ring, donate...
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Directional Terms

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Directional terms are essential for describing the relative locations of different body structures. For instance, an anatomist might describe one band of tissue as "inferior to" another, or a physician might describe a tumor as "superficial to" a deeper body structure. These terms often use comparative terms in pairs to trace out the relative locations of one body part to another or descriptions of body tissues like the deeper ones from superficially present with reference to...
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Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...
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Direct Motor Pathways01:11

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The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
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Acceleration occurs when velocity changes in magnitude (an increase or decrease in speed), direction, or both. Although acceleration is in the direction of the change in velocity, it is not always in the direction of motion. When an object slows down, its acceleration is opposite to the direction of its motion. This is commonly referred to as deceleration. However, the term deceleration can cause confusion in analysis because it is not a vector; it does not point to a specific direction with...
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Direct Detection of

Jong-Hui Kim1, Jae Gyu Yoo1, Jun-Sang Ham1

  • 1National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea.

Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources
|September 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new immuno-magnetic bead assay rapidly detects E. coli, S. aureus, and Salmonella in foods. This specific method identifies pathogens at 10 CFU/g without enrichment, ensuring food safety.

Keywords:
Escherichia coliSalmonella sppStaphylococcus aureusfoodborne pathogenimmunomagnetic beads

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Area of Science:

  • Food Microbiology
  • Immunological Assays
  • Bacterial Pathogen Detection

Background:

  • Accurate and rapid detection of foodborne pathogens is crucial for public health.
  • Existing methods often require enrichment or specialized equipment, increasing time and cost.
  • Simultaneous detection of multiple key pathogens like E. coli, S. aureus, and Salmonella is highly desirable.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate an immuno-magnetic bead (IMB)-based assay for the simultaneous detection of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella spp.
  • To evaluate the assay's specificity and sensitivity in various animal-derived food matrices.
  • To assess the assay's potential for rapid, presumptive identification of these pathogens without enrichment.

Main Methods:

  • Development of an immuno-magnetic bead assay utilizing specific antibodies for target bacteria.
  • Testing the assay's performance with spiked samples of beef, ham, egg, and ricotta cheese.
  • Evaluation of specificity against non-target bacteria and determination of capture efficiency (CE).
  • Assessment of the limit of detection (LOD) in CFU/g.

Main Results:

  • The IMB assay demonstrated high specificity, with average capture efficiencies of 90.4% for E. coli, 91.4% for S. aureus, and 95.4% for Salmonella spp.
  • Non-target bacteria showed minimal binding (CE < 10%).
  • The assay successfully detected all three target pathogens at a low limit of detection of 10 CFU/g.
  • Effective separation and enrichment of target bacteria from diverse food matrices were achieved.

Conclusions:

  • The developed IMB-based assay offers a specific and sensitive method for simultaneous detection of E. coli, S. aureus, and Salmonella spp.
  • The assay's ability to detect pathogens at 10 CFU/g without enrichment makes it a valuable tool for rapid food safety analysis.
  • This immunological approach provides a promising platform for presumptive identification of key pathogenic bacteria in animal-derived foods.