Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

33.0K
Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
33.0K
Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Deprivation01:13

Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Deprivation

942
Insufficient sleep refers to not getting the recommended amount of sleep for optimal functioning, even if it's just slightly less than needed. Sleep insufficiency may occur due to lifestyle choices, such as staying up late for social events or work, resulting in routinely getting less sleep than required. For example, consistently sleeping 6 hours when the body needs 7-9 hours can lead to cumulative effects on health and well-being.
Sleep deprivation is a more severe form of sleep loss...
942
Region of Convergence01:17

Region of Convergence

950
The z-transform is a powerful mathematical tool used in the analysis of discrete-time signals and systems. It is a crucial tool in the analysis of discrete-time systems, but its convergence is limited to specific values of the complex variable z. This range of values, known as the Region of Convergence (ROC), is fundamental in determining the behavior and stability of a system or signal. The ROC defines the region in the complex plane where the z-transform converges, which can take various...
950
Student t Distribution01:31

Student t Distribution

14.2K
The population standard deviation is rarely known in many day-to-day examples of statistics. When the sample sizes are large, it is easy to estimate the population standard deviation using a confidence interval, which provides results close enough to the original value. However, statisticians ran into problems when the sample size was small. A small sample size caused inaccuracies in the confidence interval.
The Student t distribution was developed by William S. Goset (1876–1937) of the...
14.2K
Microsoft Excel: Student's t-Test01:25

Microsoft Excel: Student's t-Test

1.7K
Student's t-test in Microsoft Excel is a statistical method used to compare the means of two groups to determine if they are significantly different from each other. It's commonly used to evaluate hypotheses, such as testing whether a treatment has an effect compared to a control group. Excel provides built-in functions to perform t-tests, making it accessible for users needing to conduct basic statistical analysis.
To conduct a t-test in Excel, use the T.TEST function or the "Data...
1.7K
Convergence of Fourier Series01:21

Convergence of Fourier Series

406
The Fourier series is a powerful mathematical tool for representing periodic signals as an infinite sum of complex exponentials. In practice, this infinite series is truncated to a finite number of terms, yielding a partial sum. This truncation makes the approximation of the signal feasible but introduces certain challenges, particularly near discontinuities, known as the Gibbs phenomenon.
The Gibbs phenomenon refers to the persistent oscillations and overshoots that occur near discontinuities...
406

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The functions, mechanisms and clinical relevance of RNA and protein acetyltransferase NAT10: a comprehensive review.

Cell biology and toxicology·2026
Same author

Effectiveness of office-based vergence/accommodative therapy with movement for accommodative dysfunction in concussion-related convergence insufficiency: a secondary analysis of the CONCUSS randomised clinical trial.

British journal of sports medicine·2026
Same author

Validation of the vision quality of life-time survey: comparison with the convergence insufficiency symptom survey.

Clinical & experimental optometry·2026
Same author

The effect of orthokeratology lens optical zone size on myopia control in adolescents.

Frontiers in medicine·2026
Same author

Impact of Blur and Disparity Cues on Accommodation, Vergence, and Pupil Size in Response to Static Stimuli in Adolescents With and Without Concussion.

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·2026
Same author

Subcutaneous injection of semaglutide causes increased muscle uptake of <sup>18</sup>F-FDG and reduces the imaging quality of PET/CT: a case report.

EJNMMI research·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Bridging the Technology Divide in the COVID-19 Era: Using Virtual Outreach to Expose Middle and High School Students to Imaging Technology
09:55

Bridging the Technology Divide in the COVID-19 Era: Using Virtual Outreach to Expose Middle and High School Students to Imaging Technology

Published on: September 28, 2022

2.3K

Convergence insufficiency in Chinese high school students.

Martin Ming-Leung Ma1, Wen Long1, Zhihui She1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.

Clinical & Experimental Optometry
|September 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Convergence insufficiency was found in 48.1% of Chinese high school students, with higher rates in males and those with refractive errors or accommodative issues. This study highlights key associations for this common vision condition.

Keywords:
Chineseasthenopiabinocular visionconvergence insufficiencyexophoriavergence

More Related Videos

Enema of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Patients with Severe Acute Pancreatitis
06:05

Enema of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Patients with Severe Acute Pancreatitis

Published on: January 27, 2023

28.2K
Author Spotlight: Liujunzi Decoction as a Traditional Chinese Treatment for Coloproctitis Cancer
06:24

Author Spotlight: Liujunzi Decoction as a Traditional Chinese Treatment for Coloproctitis Cancer

Published on: October 13, 2023

1.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Bridging the Technology Divide in the COVID-19 Era: Using Virtual Outreach to Expose Middle and High School Students to Imaging Technology
09:55

Bridging the Technology Divide in the COVID-19 Era: Using Virtual Outreach to Expose Middle and High School Students to Imaging Technology

Published on: September 28, 2022

2.3K
Enema of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Patients with Severe Acute Pancreatitis
06:05

Enema of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Patients with Severe Acute Pancreatitis

Published on: January 27, 2023

28.2K
Author Spotlight: Liujunzi Decoction as a Traditional Chinese Treatment for Coloproctitis Cancer
06:24

Author Spotlight: Liujunzi Decoction as a Traditional Chinese Treatment for Coloproctitis Cancer

Published on: October 13, 2023

1.7K

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Optometry
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Convergence insufficiency (CI) is a prevalent binocular vision disorder.
  • Understanding the frequency and associated factors of CI in diverse populations is crucial for targeted interventions.
  • Previous studies on CI prevalence have primarily focused on Western populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the frequency of convergence insufficiency (CI) among Chinese high school students.
  • To investigate the associations between CI, gender, refractive error, and accommodative insufficiency in this demographic.
  • To compare CI prevalence with data from other international populations.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted with 928 high school students in Guangzhou, China.
  • Participants underwent refraction and binocular vision assessments, including tests for exophoria at near, near point of convergence, and positive fusional vergence.
  • CI was classified into 3-Sign, 2-Sign, and 1-Sign categories based on specific diagnostic criteria.

Main Results:

  • The overall frequency of CI was 48.1%, with 2.7% classified as 3-Sign CI, 12.8% as 2-Sign CI, and 32.6% as 1-Sign CI.
  • Significant associations were found between CI and gender (p<0.001), refractive error (p<0.001), and accommodative insufficiency (p=0.002).
  • Male gender, hyperopia, and accommodative insufficiency were more likely to be associated with 3-Sign CI. Accommodative insufficiency was present in 9.5% of participants.

Conclusions:

  • Chinese high school students exhibited a lower frequency of 3-Sign CI (2.7%) compared to US and South African populations.
  • CI is significantly associated with gender, refractive error, and accommodative insufficiency in this Chinese adolescent sample.
  • Findings underscore the importance of considering these factors in the diagnosis and management of CI in East Asian populations.