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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

133.9K
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
133.9K
Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

14.7K
A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
14.7K
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

14.1K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
14.1K
Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

5.9K
Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
5.9K
IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding01:23

IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding

1.8K
The vibrational frequency of a bond is directly proportional to its bond strength. As a result, stronger bonds vibrate at higher frequencies, while weaker bonds vibrate at lower frequencies. The stretching vibration of the strong O–H bond in alcohols and phenols (very dilute solution or gas phase) appears as a sharp peak at 3600–3650 cm−1.
However, the extent of hydrogen bonding influences the observed stretching frequency and band broadening. Intermolecular or intramolecular...
1.8K
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

3.9K
Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure
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In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

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Hydrogenated Na

Peihao Li, Wei Wang, Sheng Gong

    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
    |September 13, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Hydrogenation of sodium titanate (Na2Ti3O7) nanowires on nitrogen-doped carbon sponge creates a flexible anode for potassium-ion batteries (KIBs). This enhances electronic conductivity and battery performance, showing improved capacity retention.

    Keywords:
    Na2Ti3O7anodeflexible electrodehydrogenationoxygen vacancypotassium-ion battery

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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Electrochemistry
    • Energy Storage

    Background:

    • Sodium titanate (Na2Ti3O7) exhibits a promising layered structure for potassium-ion battery (KIB) anodes.
    • Poor electronic conductivity due to a large band gap limits Na2Ti3O7 performance in KIBs.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To enhance the electronic conductivity and electrochemical performance of Na2Ti3O7 for KIB applications.
    • To develop a binder-free and current-collector-free flexible anode for KIBs.

    Main Methods:

    • Synthesis of hydrogenated Na2Ti3O7 (HNTO) nanowires on N-doped carbon sponge (CS).
    • Characterization using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electron spin-resonance spectroscopy (ESR).
    • First-principles calculations to understand the effect of hydrogenation and doping.

    Main Results:

    • HNTO/CS demonstrates improved electronic conductivity attributed to Ti-OHs and O vacancies (n-type doping).
    • N-doped CS enhances conductivity and prevents nanowire aggregation during cycling.
    • The HNTO/CS anode delivers a capacity of 107.8 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1 with excellent long-term stability (90.9% capacity retention after 200 cycles, 82.5% after 1555 cycles).

    Conclusions:

    • Hydrogenation treatment and N-doped CS are crucial for enhancing the electrochemical properties of Na2Ti3O7 anodes in KIBs.
    • The developed HNTO/CS material offers superior performance compared to untreated samples and other KTi xO y-based materials.
    • This work provides insights into optimizing titanate-based materials for advanced energy storage applications.