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Related Concept Videos

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Infection01:20

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection
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Clostridium difficile Infection in Children.

Asif Noor, Leonard R Krilov

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    |September 13, 2018
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    Summary

    Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is increasing in children, with new strains and community-onset cases emerging. Treatment options are evolving, including fecal microbiota transplantation, offering new hope for managing this infection.

    Area of Science:

    • Pediatric Infectious Diseases
    • Microbiology
    • Epidemiology

    Background:

    • Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a significant cause of healthcare-associated infections in children.
    • Recent epidemiological shifts include increased incidence in hospitalized children and the emergence of community-onset CDI.
    • A hypervirulent strain, North American pulse type 1, has emerged, alongside high colonization rates in neonates and young infants.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection in pediatric populations.
    • To discuss current diagnostic methods and treatment strategies for CDI in children.
    • To explore emerging therapeutic options, such as fecal microbiota transplantation, for pediatric CDI.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of current literature on pediatric Clostridium difficile infection.

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  • Analysis of epidemiological trends, risk factors, and clinical presentations.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic modalities and therapeutic interventions, including novel approaches.

    • Main Results:

    • Increased incidence of CDI in hospitalized children and emergence of community-onset infections.
    • Antibiotic use remains a primary risk factor in children over two years old; inflammatory bowel disease and cancer are associated with increased severity.
    • Nucleic acid amplification tests are preferred for rapid and sensitive diagnosis; oral metronidazole and vancomycin are standard treatments, with fecal microbiota transplantation under investigation.

    Conclusions:

    • The epidemiology of CDI in children is evolving, necessitating updated management strategies.
    • Accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment, including consideration of novel therapies, are crucial for improving outcomes.
    • Fecal microbiota transplantation shows promise as a safe and effective treatment for recurrent CDI in children, pending further research.