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The Evidence for Evolution02:55

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Epidemiology, known as the cornerstone of public health, involves studying the distribution and determinants of health-related events in defined populations and applying these insights to control health issues. This is essential for understanding how diseases spread, identifying populations at greater risk, and implementing measures to control or prevent outbreaks. Epidemiology addresses not only infectious diseases but also non-communicable conditions like cancer and cardiovascular disease,...
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Causality or causation is a fundamental concept in epidemiology, vital for understanding the relationships between various factors and health outcomes. Despite its importance, there's no single, universally accepted definition of causality within the discipline. Drawing from a systematic review, causality in epidemiology encompasses several definitions, including production, necessary and sufficient, sufficient-component, counterfactual, and probabilistic models. Each has its strengths and...
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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome <i>mec</i> (SCC<i>mec</i>) Natural Excision Frequencies and Its Contributing Factors in Variant SCC<i>mec</i> Type Prototypic Strains.

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Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus MRSA
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Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular Characterization, Evolution, and Epidemiology.

Sahreena Lakhundi1, Kunyan Zhang2,3,4,5,6

  • 1Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Alberta Health Services/Calgary Laboratory Services/University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews
|September 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) evolves through new clones and resistance genes, spreading from hospitals to communities and animals. Understanding MRSA

Keywords:
MRSA evolutionMRSA originMRSA typingSCCmecStaphylococcus aureusmethicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)molecular characterizationmolecular epidemiology

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genetics
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Staphylococcus aureus is a significant pathogen with acquired antibiotic resistance, leading to the emergence of 'superbugs'.
  • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has evolved into new clones capable of community transmission and reservoir expansion in animals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive understanding of MRSA evolution, molecular characteristics, and epidemiology.
  • To detail the origins of MRSA, focusing on staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) diversity and resistance genes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on MRSA origins, SCCmec types, and resistance mechanisms (mecA and its homologues).
  • Discussion of various typing methodologies, from historical techniques to advanced whole-genome sequencing, for MRSA characterization.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data to trace the spread and evolutionary pathways of MRSA clones.

Main Results:

  • Identification of diverse staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types and novel resistance genes (mecB, mecC, mecD) contributing to MRSA evolution.
  • Typing methods have elucidated the origins, dissemination patterns, and evolutionary trajectories of various MRSA clones.
  • MRSA's adaptability is highlighted by its spread into community settings and animal reservoirs.

Conclusions:

  • MRSA evolution is a dynamic process driven by genetic diversification and the emergence of new clones.
  • Molecular characterization and epidemiological studies are crucial for understanding and combating the spread of MRSA.
  • The continuous evolution of MRSA necessitates ongoing surveillance and research into its molecular epidemiology and control.