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Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) is a powerful analytical technique used in mass spectrometry. It enables the identification and characterization of various biomolecules, including proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. MALDI is an ionization technique, widely employed in biological and medical research, as well as in fields like pharmacology and biochemistry.The analyte of interest, a biomolecule or a mixture of biomolecules, is mixed with a suitable matrix...
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The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
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Body Temperature01:07

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Body temperature reflects the equilibrium between heat production and heat loss within the body. Most heat is generated by metabolically active tissues, particularly the liver, heart, brain, kidneys, and endocrine organs. At rest, skeletal muscles contribute 20–30% of total heat production, but during vigorous exercise, this can increase up to 30–40 times.
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The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:
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ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

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All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
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As a nurse, it is vital to understand the factors affecting body temperature to monitor variations and effectively evaluate deviations from regular.
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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Quantitative Detection of Trace Explosive Vapors by Programmed Temperature Desorption Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector
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Temperature-programmed desorption studies of NH

Kai-Ting Wang1, Santhanamoorthi Nachimuthu, Jyh-Chiang Jiang

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China. jcjiang@mail.ntust.edu.tw santhanamoorthi@gmail.com.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|September 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Incorporating adsorbate diffusion into surface science models accurately predicts temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) spectra. This improved model explains ammonia and water desorption on RuO2(110) by considering diffusion barriers and kinetics.

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Area of Science:

  • Surface Science
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Chemical Kinetics

Background:

  • Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) is crucial for determining reaction parameters.
  • Previous models combining DFT and microkinetics for NH3 and H2O on RuO2(110) TPD spectra had limitations in explaining intermediate regions and adsorbate intensity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance a previous computational model for TPD spectra simulation.
  • To investigate the role of adsorbate diffusion in TPD phenomena on the RuO2(110) surface.

Main Methods:

  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) combined with microkinetics.
  • Simulation of TPD spectra using condensation approximation.
  • Inclusion of adsorbate diffusion from sub-monolayer to second layer.

Main Results:

  • Diffusion barriers for adsorbates at high coverage were found to be lower than direct desorption energies.
  • Adsorbate diffusion to the second layer is kinetically favored at higher coverages.
  • Simulated TPD spectra accurately reproduced experimental results after incorporating diffusion.

Conclusions:

  • Adsorbate diffusion significantly impacts TPD spectra, especially at higher coverages.
  • The improved model provides a more accurate representation of NH3 and H2O desorption kinetics on RuO2(110).
  • Kinetic favorability of diffusion over desorption at high coverage explains observed TPD features.