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Nrf2-Mediated System x

Roberta Mastrantonio1, Veronica D'Ezio1, Marco Colasanti1

  • 1Department of Sciences, University "ROMA TRE", Rome, Italy.

Molecular Neurobiology
|September 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) involve neuronal dysfunction. HIV-1 Tat protein activates astrocyte pathways, increasing glutamate and causing neurotoxicity, suggesting a link between antioxidant response and excitotoxicity in HANDs.

Keywords:
AstrocyteGlutamateHANDsHIV-1 TatNrf2System xc −

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) impact many HIV patients despite treatment.
  • Neuronal dysfunction in HANDs occurs without direct neuron infection.
  • Cellular mechanisms driving HANDs, particularly the role of viral proteins like HIV-1 Tat, remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of HIV-1 Tat on Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response and system xc- expression in human astroglial cells.
  • To assess the neurotoxic effects of Tat-producing astrocytes on neuronal viability.
  • To elucidate the specific pathways involved in Tat-induced neurotoxicity.

Main Methods:

  • U373 human astroglial cells were treated with HIV-1 Tat.
  • Nrf2 activation and system xc- expression were measured in astrocytes.
  • SH-SY5Y neuronal cells were co-cultured with Tat-producing astrocytes.
  • The effect of sulfasalazine, a system xc- inhibitor, on glutamate levels and neuronal viability was evaluated.

Main Results:

  • HIV-1 Tat induced Nrf2 activation and system xc- expression in astrocytes.
  • Tat-producing astrocytes reduced the viability of co-cultured neuronal cells.
  • Sulfasalazine treatment decreased extracellular glutamate and protected neurons, indicating glutamate transporter involvement.
  • Neurotoxicity was linked to increased glutamate release mediated by the Nrf2/system xc- pathway in astrocytes.

Conclusions:

  • The study identifies the astroglial Nrf2/system xc- pathway as a key player in HIV-1 Tat-induced neurotoxicity.
  • Astrocytes can convert an antioxidant response into excitotoxicity via this pathway, exacerbating neurodegeneration.
  • Findings suggest novel therapeutic targets for managing HANDs by modulating astrocyte responses.