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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Direct Drug Delivery to Kidney via the Renal Artery
Published on: April 17, 2021
Development of intervention-related quality indicators for renal clinical pharmacists using a modified Delphi
Katherine Boutin1, William Nevers1, Sean K Gorman2
1Pharmacy Services, Kelowna General Hospital, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
Objective:
To develop a list of renal Quality Indicator Drug therapy problems (QI-DTPs) that serve to advance renal pharmacy practice to improve patient care.
Methods:
Eighteen (18) renal, clinical pharmacists participated in an internet-based three-round modified Delphi survey. Each of the three rounds took approximately 2 weeks to complete. Panellists rated 30-candidate renal QI-DTPs using seven selection criteria and one overall consensus criterion on a nine-point Likert scale. Consensus was reached if 75% or more of panellists assigned a score of 7-9 on the consensus criterion during the third Delphi round.
Key Findings:
All panellists completed three rounds of Delphi survey. Seventeen-candidate renal QI-DTPs met the consensus definition.
Conclusions:
A Delphi panel of renal clinical pharmacists successfully identified 17 consensus renal QI-DTPs. Assessment and implementation of these QI-DTPs will serve to advance renal pharmacy practice and improve patient care.
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