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Related Concept Videos

Scalar Product (Dot Product)01:11

Scalar Product (Dot Product)

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The scalar multiplication of two vectors is known as the scalar or dot product. As the name indicates, the scalar product of two vectors results in a number, that is, a scalar quantity. Scalar products are used to define work and energy relations. For example, the work that a force (a vector) performs on an object while causing its displacement (a vector) is defined as a scalar product of the force vector with the displacement vector.
The scalar product of two vectors is obtained by multiplying...
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Vector Product (Cross Product)01:17

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Vector multiplication of two vectors yields a vector product, with the magnitude equal to the product of the individual vectors multiplied by the sine of the angle between both the vectors and the direction perpendicular to both the individual vectors. As there are always two directions perpendicular to a given plane, one on each side, the direction of the vector product is governed by the right-hand thumb rule.
Consider the cross product of two vectors. Imagine rotating the first vector about...
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Primary Production01:06

Primary Production

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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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Production Efficiency01:01

Production Efficiency

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Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates and less energy spent on thermoregulatory processes, the NPE of ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) is 10 times higher than endotherms (warm-blooded animals).
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The Dot Product01:26

The Dot Product

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Measuring how one directional quantity affects another along a specific path involves comparing their orientation and strength. When two such quantities are represented using direction and amount, a numerical result is computed to show how much one acts along the path of the other. This result comes from a rule combining both inputs' horizontal and vertical parts and adding the results.This calculation gives a single value that grows larger when both inputs point in similar directions and...
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Dot Product01:29

Dot Product

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The dot product is an essential concept in mathematics and physics.
In engineering, the dot product of any two vectors is the product of the magnitudes of the vectors and the cosine of the angle between them. It is denoted by a dot symbol between the two vectors.
Consider a vehicle pulling an object along the ground using a rope. If the rope makes an angle with the horizontal axis, the work done can be calculated using the dot product of the force applied and the object's displacement.
The dot...
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Synthesis of Graphene Nanofluids with Controllable Flake Size Distributions
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The Worldwide Graphene Flake Production.

Alan P Kauling1, Andressa T Seefeldt1, Diego P Pisoni1

  • 1Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM), Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore (NUS), 117546, Singapore.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|September 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Most "graphene" producers offer poor quality graphite microplatelets, not true graphene. Developing new standards for graphene characterization and production is crucial for a reliable global market.

Keywords:
grapheneindustrial chemistrysynthetic methods

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Solid State Physics

Background:

  • Hundreds of companies claim to produce graphene, but with significant property variations.
  • Current market classification of graphene flakes is inaccurate and hinders application development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a systematic protocol for assessing graphene quality.
  • To propose a new classification system for graphene flakes based on layer number and size distribution.
  • To investigate the quality of graphene produced by 60 global suppliers.

Main Methods:

  • Electron microscopy (SEM, TEM)
  • Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
  • Raman spectroscopy
  • Elemental analysis
  • X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS)

Main Results:

  • Established the statistical nature of liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite.
  • Demonstrated that most commercially available graphene is of poor quality, often being graphite microplatelets.
  • Proposed a new classification system based on distribution functions for layer number and flake size.

Conclusions:

  • The poor quality of commercially available graphene is a major barrier to application development.
  • Stringent, application-specific standards for graphene characterization and production are essential for a robust global market.