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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse
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Thyroid hormone (T

Winifred W Yau1, Brijesh K Singh1, Ronny Lesmana1,2,3

  • 1a Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation , Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore.

Autophagy
|September 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormone (T3) directly enhances brown fat mitochondria function and turnover, crucial for thermogenesis. Autophagy is essential for this process, offering potential therapeutic targets for obesity.

Keywords:
Autophagybrown adipose tissuemitochondriamitophagythermogenesisthyroid hormone

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Area of Science:

  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Metabolic Regulation
  • Cellular Autophagy

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone (T3) is known to activate thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT).
  • The cell-autonomous effects of T3 on BAT mitochondria and the role of autophagy remain largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the direct effects of T3 on mitochondrial activity, autophagy, and metabolism in brown adipocytes and BAT.
  • To elucidate the in vivo role of BAT-specific autophagy in T3-mediated thermogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Primary brown adipocyte and BAT cultures treated with T3.
  • Assessment of mitochondrial respiration, fatty acid oxidation, and autophagic flux.
  • Generation of an Atg5 conditional knockout (cKO) mouse model for in vivo studies.
  • Metabolomic analysis and body temperature measurements in mice.

Main Results:

  • T3 increased fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial respiration, and autophagic flux, including mitophagy and biogenesis, in brown adipocytes.
  • Blocking autophagy with Atg5 siRNA reduced T3-induced mitochondrial respiration and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS).
  • BAT-specific autophagy deficiency in Atg5 cKO mice impaired thermogenesis in vivo, indicated by lower body temperature.

Conclusions:

  • T3 directly promotes mitochondrial autophagy, activity, and turnover in BAT, which are critical for thermogenesis.
  • Autophagy plays an essential role in maintaining mitochondrial function and preventing ROS accumulation during T3 stimulation.
  • Targeting BAT activity via thyroid hormone analogs presents a potential therapeutic strategy for obesity and metabolic disorders.