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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Facilitated Diffusion01:16

Facilitated Diffusion

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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
In this process, substrates such as organic compounds and ions interact with a transporter on one side, triggering conformational changes in proteins that enable...
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

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Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Advanced Diffusion Imaging in The Hippocampus of Rats with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
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Advanced Diffusion Imaging in The Hippocampus of Rats with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Published on: August 14, 2019

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Recent advances in diffusion neuroimaging: applications in the developing preterm brain.

Diliana Pecheva1, Christopher Kelly1, Jessica Kimpton1

  • 1Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.

F1000Research
|September 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diffusion-weighted imaging offers objective measures of white matter development in preterm infants. Advanced techniques like neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) and fixel-based analysis (FBA) provide detailed insights beyond traditional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).

Keywords:
braindiffusion magnetic resonance imaginginfant

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Pediatric Radiology

Background:

  • Diffusion-weighted imaging provides objective measures of white matter development and injury in the preterm brain.
  • Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has revealed differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) between preterm infants and controls, and linked neonatal FA to later neurodevelopmental outcomes.
  • Perinatal risk factors are associated with altered white matter development in preterm infants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) findings in the developing preterm brain.
  • To discuss initial findings using advanced diffusion MRI techniques, including constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD), neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI), and fixel-based analysis (FBA) in preterm infants.
  • To highlight the potential of these advanced methods for detailed assessment of white matter microstructure.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on diffusion-weighted imaging in preterm infants.
  • Discussion of findings from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).
  • Exploration of initial results from advanced techniques: constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD), neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI), and fixel-based analysis (FBA).

Main Results:

  • DTI has established baseline measures and identified alterations in white matter microstructure in preterm infants.
  • Advanced techniques like CSD allow resolution of multiple fiber populations, crucial for understanding complex white matter tracts.
  • NODDI and FBA offer more detailed insights into white matter microstructure than traditional DTI.

Conclusions:

  • Diffusion-weighted imaging, particularly advanced methods, is essential for understanding white matter development and injury in preterm infants.
  • CSD, NODDI, and FBA represent significant advancements in assessing white matter microstructure in this population.
  • These techniques hold promise for improving our understanding of neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants.