Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Translation

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...

Translation

Translation

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...

Initiation of Translation

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...

Initiation of Translation

Initiation of Translation

Termination of Translation

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...

Termination of Translation

Termination of Translation

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Machine Diagnostics and Machine Phenotyping of Migraine: A HUNT Study.

Neurology·2026

Same author

Could agentic AI topple grant-funding systems?

Nature·2026

Same author

Deep generative computed perfusion-deficit mapping of ischaemic stroke.

Communications biology·2026

Same author

Environment-sensitive motion modelling in healthcare with synthetic retargeting.

Digital health·2026

Same author

Deep generative classification of blood cell morphology.

Nature machine intelligence·2025

Same author

Individualized prescriptive inference in ischaemic stroke.

Nature communications·2025

Same journal

Sentiment Analysis of Acceptance TVET Online Courses on the Skill Academy App from Google Play: Leveraging Text Mining with Comparison Machine Learning Model.

F1000Research·2026

Same journal

Emotional intelligence: An important skill to learn now more than ever.

F1000Research·2026

Same journal

East Mediterranean Lineage of <i>Brucella melitensis</i> in Human Isolates and Milk Samples in Oman Using MLVA-14.

F1000Research·2026

Same journal

Application of K-Means Clustering for Job Applicant Analysis in Construction Firms Using R.

F1000Research·2026

Same journal

The influence of self-esteem and emotional intelligence on addiction to social networks in Peruvian university students.

F1000Research·2026

Same journal

A Bibliometric Analysis of Music's Role in Promoting Well-Being in Health Science Research.

F1000Research·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Author Spotlight: Polysome Profiling Protocol for Studying Translational Regulation in Arabidopsis Under Heat Stress

Author Spotlight: Polysome Profiling Protocol for Studying Translational Regulation in Arabidopsis Under Heat Stress

Published on: October 11, 2024

Lost in translation.

Parashkev Nachev¹, Geraint Rees^1,2,3,4, Richard Frackowiak^1,5

¹Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.

|January 16, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive neuroscience translation requires higher-dimensional brain models for individual-level application. Advanced computing and large datasets can enable these complex models for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:

Translation causality cognitive neuroscience high-dimensional inference machine learning.neuroimaging

More Related Videos

Isolation of Ribosome Bound Nascent Polypeptides in vitro to Identify Translational Pause Sites Along mRNA

Isolation of Ribosome Bound Nascent Polypeptides in vitro to Identify Translational Pause Sites Along mRNA

Published on: July 6, 2012

Working with Human Tissues for Translational Cancer Research

Working with Human Tissues for Translational Cancer Research

Published on: November 26, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Author Spotlight: Polysome Profiling Protocol for Studying Translational Regulation in Arabidopsis Under Heat Stress

Author Spotlight: Polysome Profiling Protocol for Studying Translational Regulation in Arabidopsis Under Heat Stress

Published on: October 11, 2024

Isolation of Ribosome Bound Nascent Polypeptides in vitro to Identify Translational Pause Sites Along mRNA

Isolation of Ribosome Bound Nascent Polypeptides in vitro to Identify Translational Pause Sites Along mRNA

Published on: July 6, 2012

Working with Human Tissues for Translational Cancer Research

Working with Human Tissues for Translational Cancer Research

Published on: November 26, 2015

Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Computational Neuroscience
Systems Neuroscience

Background:

Current cognitive neuroscience models often lack the necessary detail for individual patient application.
Progress in understanding the brain has not yet translated into effective clinical interventions.
Explanatory models must reach the individual level to enable real-world applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To argue for the necessity of high-dimensional modeling in cognitive neuroscience.
To identify the informational properties of the brain that necessitate greater model dimensionality.
To propose a path toward successful translation of neuroscience findings into clinical practice.

Main Methods:

Analysis of the informational properties of neural systems.
Examination of the widely distributed causality in adaptive neural mechanisms.
Discussion of recent advances in high-performance computing and large-scale data collection.

Main Results:

Adequate individualization of models requires significantly higher dimensionality than currently standard.
The adaptive and distributed nature of neural systems inherently demands complex, high-dimensional models.
High-performance computing and large datasets provide the means to create these necessary models.

Conclusions:

Successful translation in cognitive neuroscience hinges on adopting high-dimensional modeling approaches.
Bridging the gap between neuroscience research and patient impact requires a shift in modeling strategy.
The field should embrace advanced computational methods to achieve clinically relevant outcomes.