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Related Concept Videos

Electric Field of a Non Uniformly Charged Sphere01:22

Electric Field of a Non Uniformly Charged Sphere

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Gauss's law states that the electric flux through any closed surface equals the net charge enclosed within the surface. This law is beneficial for determining the expressions for the electric field for a particular charge distribution if the electric flux is known.
Consider a non-uniformly charged sphere, for which the density of charge depends only on the distance from a point in space and not on the direction. Such a sphere has a spherically symmetrical charge distribution. Here, the electric...
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Dimensional Analysis03:40

Dimensional Analysis

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Dimensional analysis, also known as the factor label method, is a versatile approach for mathematical operations. The main principle behind this approach is: the units of quantities must be subjected to the same mathematical operations as their associated numbers. This method can be applied to computations ranging from simple unit conversions to more complex and multi-step calculations involving several different quantities and their units.
Conversion Factors and Dimensional Analysis
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Formation of Species01:31

Formation of Species

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Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.
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Solution Formation02:16

Solution Formation

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There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective...
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Standard Enthalpy of Formation02:37

Standard Enthalpy of Formation

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Enthalpy changes are typically tabulated for reactions in which both the reactants and products are at the same conditions. A standard state is a commonly accepted set of conditions used as a reference point for the determination of properties under other different conditions. For chemists, the IUPAC standard state refers to materials under a pressure of 1 bar and solutions at 1 M and does not specify a temperature. Many thermochemical tables list values with a standard state of 1 atm. Because...
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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Combined Conditional Knockdown and Adapted Sphere Formation Assay to Study a Stemness-Associated Gene of Patient-derived Gastric Cancer Stem Cells
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Combined Conditional Knockdown and Adapted Sphere Formation Assay to Study a Stemness-Associated Gene of Patient-derived Gastric Cancer Stem Cells

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Sphere-Formation Assay: Three-Dimensional

Hisham F Bahmad1, Katia Cheaito1, Reda M Chalhoub1

  • 1Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.

Frontiers in Oncology
|September 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) drive tumor growth and resistance. This study details a reliable sphere-formation assay to identify and study CSCs in prostate cancer models, aiding in evaluating new treatments.

Keywords:
cancer stem cellsdifferentiationprostate cancerprostatospheresself-renewalsphere-formation assay

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Three-Dimensional Culture Assay to Explore Cancer Cell Invasiveness and Satellite Tumor Formation
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Three-Dimensional Culture Assay to Explore Cancer Cell Invasiveness and Satellite Tumor Formation

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Prostate Cancer Research

Background:

  • Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) are implicated in tumor initiation, metastasis, and treatment resistance across malignancies.
  • In prostate cancer (PCa), CSCs are linked to the development of lethal Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC).
  • Robust in vitro models are crucial for investigating PCa CSC properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish and detail a reliable in vitro methodology for generating and propagating prostate cancer stem cell spheres.
  • To demonstrate the utility of the sphere-formation assay (SFA) for assessing CSC self-renewal and differentiation potential.
  • To provide a platform for evaluating therapeutic agents targeting CSCs in PCa.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed methodology for generating and propagating spheres from PCa cell lines and murine prostate tissue using serum-free conditions.
  • Utilized sphere-formation assay (SFA) based on stem cell self-renewal in non-adherent conditions.
  • Incorporated histological and immuno-fluorescent staining to assess CSC differentiation potential within spheres.

Main Results:

  • Successfully generated and propagated prostate cancer spheres from various models.
  • Demonstrated the sphere-formation assay (SFA) as a reliable method to assess CSC presence and self-renewal capacity.
  • Validated the assay's utility for evaluating the impact of agents on CSC initiation and self-renewal properties over multiple generations (up to five).

Conclusions:

  • The sphere-formation assay (SFA) is a dependable in vitro tool for identifying and characterizing prostate cancer stem cells.
  • This model facilitates the evaluation of therapeutic strategies targeting CSCs and their self-renewal capabilities.
  • The described methodology offers a valuable platform for advancing prostate cancer research and drug development.