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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Spatial Multiobjective Optimization of Agricultural Conservation Practices using a SWAT Model and an Evolutionary Algorithm
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Spatial Multiobjective Optimization of Agricultural Conservation Practices using a SWAT Model and an Evolutionary Algorithm

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Raccoon (

Kerri Pedersen1, Brandon S Schmit1, Thomas J DeLiberto1

  • 1U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.

Heliyon
|September 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

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This summary is machine-generated.

Higher oral rabies vaccine bait densities increase raccoon antibody response, but cost-effectiveness is debated. Careful planning is needed to account for non-target species like opossums.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Public Health
  • Wildlife Disease Ecology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Oral rabies vaccine (ORV) bait distribution has been a key strategy in the US since the 1990s.
  • Ongoing research aims to optimize baiting strategies for efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
  • Effective rabies management requires species-preferred baits at densities sufficient for population immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of varying oral rabies vaccine bait densities (75, 150, 300 baits/km2) on raccoon rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) seroprevalence.
  • To assess bait consumption using a tetracycline biomarker in Raboral V-RG® baits.

Main Methods:

  • Pilot study involving three distinct vaccine bait densities per square kilometer.
  • Monitoring of raccoon populations for RVNA seroprevalence.
Keywords:
EcologyEnvironmental scienceVirologyZoology

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  • Analysis of tetracycline biomarker presence in sampled animals to estimate bait uptake.

    • Main Results:

    • Raccoon RVNA seroprevalence demonstrated a positive correlation with increasing bait density.
    • Bait consumption varied, influenced by density and potentially non-target species interactions.
    • The observed increase in antibody response may not justify higher costs outside of specific outbreak scenarios.

    Conclusions:

    • Increasing oral rabies vaccine bait density positively influences raccoon immune response.
    • Cost-benefit analysis is crucial, especially considering non-target species' bait consumption.
    • Strategic bait density adjustments are necessary for effective rabies control and resource allocation.