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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Soft Lithographic Functionalization and Patterning Oxide-free Silicon and Germanium
Published on: December 16, 2011
Integrated germanium-on-silicon Franz-Keldysh vector modulator used with a Kramers-Kronig receiver
Abstract:
We propose an integrated vector modulator based on two compact and high-speed germanium-on-silicon Franz-Keldysh electro-absorption modulators. The proposed vector modulator is extremely compact with a total footprint of only 1800 μm×200 μm. We further experimentally demonstrate a 4-quadrature-amplitude-modulation (4-QAM) at 40 Gb/s over a 20-km standard single-mode fiber transmission. The complex signal is successfully re-constructed with a single-ended photodiode in a recently proposed Kramers-Kronig receiver for future low-cost, low-power, and low-footprint datacenter interconnect applications. The preliminary performance of the vector modulator with a 16-QAM is also investigated.
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