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Ketones with α protons are deprotonated by strong bases like lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) to form enolate ions. The anion is stabilized by resonance, and its hybrid structure exhibits negative charges on the carbonyl oxygen and the α carbon. This ambident nucleophile can attack an electrophile via two possible sites: the carbonyl oxygen, known as O-attack, or the α carbon, known as C-attack. The nucleophilic attack via the carbanionic site is preferred. This is due to the...
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By replacing an α-hydrogen with a halogen, acid-catalyzed α-halogenation of aldehydes or ketones yields a monohalogenated product
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α-Halogenation of aldehydes and ketones is a reaction involving the substitution of α hydrogens with halogens in the presence of a base.  The reaction begins with the abstraction of  α hydrogen by the base to produce a nucleophilic enolate ion. This intermediate undergoes a subsequent nucleophilic substitution with the halogen to produce a monohalogenated carbonyl compound. If the starting substrate has more than one α hydrogen, it is difficult to stop the reaction...
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    Magnetron-sputtering deposition created alpha phase indium selenide (α-In2Se3) as a wideband saturable absorber. This material enabled stable soliton pulse generation in fiber lasers, demonstrating its high efficiency for ultrafast photonics applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Optics and Photonics
    • Laser Physics

    Background:

    • Saturable absorbers (SAs) are crucial for generating ultrashort pulses in lasers.
    • Developing novel SA materials with broadband absorption is essential for versatile laser applications.
    • Indium selenide (In2Se3) is a promising semiconductor material for optoelectronic devices.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop alpha phase indium selenide (α-In2Se3) as a saturable absorber using magnetron-sputtering deposition.
    • To investigate the broadband saturable absorption properties of α-In2Se3 at 800, 1560, and 1930 nm.
    • To demonstrate the application of α-In2Se3 SA in erbium-doped fiber lasers (EDFLs) and thulium-doped fiber lasers (TDFLs) for stable soliton pulse generation.

    Main Methods:

    • Magnetron-sputtering deposition (MSD) was employed to synthesize α-In2Se3 thin films.
    • The fabricated α-In2Se3 was characterized for its saturable absorption properties.
    • The α-In2Se3 SA was integrated into EDFL and TDFL cavities to generate soliton pulses.

    Main Results:

    • The developed α-In2Se3 SA exhibited wideband saturable absorption characteristics.
    • Stable soliton pulse trains were successfully generated in both EDFL and TDFL systems.
    • For EDFL, the pulse duration, pulse energy, and slope efficiency were 276 fs, 2.03 nJ, and 15.8%, respectively.
    • For TDFL, the pulse duration, pulse energy, and slope efficiency were 1.02 ps, 7.1 nJ, and 23.5%, respectively.

    Conclusions:

    • MSD-grown α-In2Se3 is a highly efficient material for ultrafast photonics.
    • The broadband absorption and stable pulse generation capabilities make α-In2Se3 suitable for advanced laser systems.
    • This work highlights the potential of α-In2Se3 as a next-generation saturable absorber material.