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Related Concept Videos

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias I: Sinus Arrhythmias01:16

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Arrhythmias are disturbances in the heart's rhythm that lead to abnormal heartbeats. These irregularities can originate from different parts of the heart and are classified based on their origin and nature.
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Sinus Node Arrhythmias
Sinus Bradycardia: Originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node, sinus bradycardia involves slower impulses, resulting in a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute (bpm). Causes include sleep, vagal stimulation, beta-blockers, hypothyroidism,...
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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
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[Headache: consider cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis].

Shahrzad S Deliran1, Lotte Sondag1,2, Quinten H Leijten3

  • 1Radboudumc, afd. Neurologie, Nijmegen.

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|September 14, 2018
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Summary

A rare case of Streptococcus intermedius jaw infection led to cavernous sinus thrombosis, vasculitis, and stroke. Prompt antibiotic treatment resulted in significant symptom improvement.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Vascular Neurology

Background:

  • Headache and hemiparesis can indicate serious neurological conditions.
  • Cavernous sinus thrombosis is a rare but potentially devastating condition.

Observation:

  • A 38-year-old woman presented with progressive headache and left hemiparesis.
  • Neuroimaging revealed cavernous sinus thrombosis, subdural empyema, right middle cerebral artery vasculitis, and striatal ischemia.
  • Bacteraemia due to Streptococcus intermedius from a jaw infection was identified.

Findings:

  • The patient was diagnosed with cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis, secondary vasculitis, and ischemic stroke.
  • Antibiotic treatment was initiated for the infection.

Implications:

  • Progressive headache, cranial nerve palsy, and elevated infectious markers warrant urgent neuroimaging.
  • Early antibiotic therapy is crucial for improving outcomes in such cases.
  • This case highlights the importance of recognizing and treating subtle signs of serious intracranial infections.