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Updated: Feb 5, 2026
Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns
Published on: May 12, 2019
The Medial Canthus Reference Electrode Is not Electrically Indifferent to the Ocular Vestibular Evoked Myogenic
Erin G Piker1, Gary P Jacobson2, Kathryn F Makowiec2
1Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia.
Objective:
To determine whether a reference electrode placed over the contralateral medical canthus is electrically indifferent to the ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP).
Study Design:
Prospective observational study.
Setting:
Tertiary academic center.
Participants:
Nineteen otologically normal subjects.
Methods:
oVEMPs were recorded using a 500 Hz tone burst at 125 dB pSPL using both a conventional dual infra-orbital derivation and contralateral infraorbital electrode referenced to a medial canthus electrode known as the "belly-tendon" derivation.
Results:
The belly-tendon derivation produced significantly larger oVEMP amplitudes. This appears to be due to a polarity inversion of the first negative peak that occurs when the reference electrode is placed over the medial canthus. Thus, the belly-tendon derivation was associated with reference contamination, but in this instance the reference contamination produced an augmented oVEMP amplitude.
Conclusions:
Neither the dual infra-orbital nor belly-tendon electrode montages are electrically neutral. Reference contamination is the source of both a decrease in amplitude using conventional recording techniques and increased amplitude using the belly-tendon montage. The results support the contention that the belly-tendon montage generates a reversed polarity response, i.e., algebraically subtracted (i.e., added in the differential amplifier) from the response recorded at the infraorbital midline enhancing the oVEMP amplitude. It should be noted that the amplitude gained when using the belly-tendon montage may also be due to electromyographic (EMG) generated by extraocular muscles other than the inferior oblique generator, resulting in a loss of specificity. The authors recommend the belly-tendon montage be used in clinical situations where the oVEMP is absent or low in amplitude.
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