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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Transformation01:33

Bacterial Transformation

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In 1928, bacteriologist Frederick Griffith worked on a vaccine for pneumonia, which is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Griffith studied two pneumonia strains in mice: one pathogenic and one non-pathogenic. Only the pathogenic strain killed host mice.
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A device that transforms voltages from one value to another using induction is called a transformer. A transformer consists of two separate coils, or windings, wrapped around the same soft iron core. However, they are electrically insulated from each other.
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Microbial communities are dynamic environments where cell lysis releases free DNA into the surroundings. Other cells can take up this extracellular DNA through a process known as transformation.When a cell incorporates this foreign DNA into its genome, resulting in genetic modification, the process is known as transformation. Cells capable of this process are termed competent. Competence can be natural, as observed in certain bacteria and archaea, or artificially induced in the...
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In single-phase two-winding transformers, two windings are coiled around a magnetic core characterized by cross-sectional area A and magnetic permeability μ. A phasor current i1 enters the left winding while i2 exits the right winding, establishing the fundamental working of the transformer through electromagnetic principles.
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The property of Accumulation in signal processing is derived by analyzing the accumulated sum of a discrete-time signal and using the time-shifting property to determine its z-transform. This principle reveals that the z-transform of the summed signal is related to the z-transform of the original signal by a multiplicative factor.
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Three-Winding Transformers01:19

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Three identical single-phase transformers can be configured to form a three-phase transformer connection, which involves high-voltage and low-voltage windings. The high-voltage windings are denoted by capital letters A-B-C, while the low-voltage windings are labeled with lowercase letters a-b-c, representing their respective phases. This notation helps distinguish between the high and low voltage sides of the transformer.
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Neutrophil Isolation and Analysis to Determine their Role in Lymphoma Cell Sensitivity to Therapeutic Agents
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An update in treating transformed lymphoma.

James Godfrey1, Michael J Leukam1, Sonali M Smith1

  • 1Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, USA.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Haematology
|September 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Indolent lymphomas can transform into aggressive types, requiring prompt treatment. The prognosis for transformed lymphomas is improving, especially in the rituximab era, with updated management strategies.

Keywords:
Autologous transplantFollicular lymphomaRichter's syndromeTransformation

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Oncology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Indolent lymphomas are characterized by a prolonged course and generally favorable prognosis.
  • Despite indolent behavior, these lymphomas can transform into aggressive subtypes, necessitating urgent therapeutic intervention.
  • Transformation presents with rapid adenopathy, constitutional symptoms, or laboratory abnormalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnosis, clinical management, and treatment of transformed indolent lymphomas.
  • To highlight the changing prognosis in the rituximab era.
  • To focus on transformed follicular lymphoma while acknowledging other indolent subtypes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on indolent lymphoma transformation.
  • Emphasis on diagnostic criteria and clinical management strategies.
  • Discussion of treatment protocols, particularly in the context of the rituximab era.

Main Results:

  • Transformation to aggressive lymphoma, most commonly from follicular lymphoma to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, is a significant clinical event.
  • While historically poor, the prognosis for transformed lymphomas is improving with modern therapies, including rituximab.
  • Specific scenarios like Richter's transformation and "double hit" transformations require distinct management approaches.

Conclusions:

  • Transformed indolent lymphomas, particularly follicular lymphoma, represent a critical clinical challenge.
  • Advances in treatment, especially with rituximab, have significantly improved outcomes for these aggressive subtypes.
  • Accurate diagnosis and tailored clinical management are crucial for optimizing patient prognosis.