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Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners
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Engaging Stakeholders and Patient Partners.

Kathryn E Hacker1, Angela B Smith1

  • 1Department of Urology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 170 Manning Drive, 2115 Physicians Office Building, CB #7235, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7235, USA.

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Summary

Patient and stakeholder engagement in clinical research improves outcomes and enrollment. Strategies for enhancing these reciprocal relationships are discussed, highlighting the need for better methods reporting.

Keywords:
Co-learningPatient engagementPatient-centered researchStakeholders

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Area of Science:

  • Clinical research methodology
  • Patient and stakeholder engagement

Background:

  • Historically, a disconnect existed between researchers and stakeholders in clinical research.
  • Recent progress has been made in engaging patient partners and stakeholders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the mechanisms, challenges, and benefits of patient and stakeholder engagement in clinical research.
  • To present strategies for improving engagement and fostering reciprocal relationships.

Main Methods:

  • The article outlines the three stages of clinical research.
  • Key iterative steps for establishing reciprocal researcher-stakeholder relationships are detailed.

Main Results:

  • Improved research goals with relevant outcomes have been observed.
  • Increased clinical trial enrollment and enhanced communication of research findings are noted.
  • Engagement bridges the disconnect between researchers and stakeholders.

Conclusions:

  • Patient and stakeholder engagement significantly benefits clinical research processes and outcomes.
  • Further investigation and standardized reporting of engagement methods are crucial for strengthening researcher-stakeholder relationships.