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Related Concept Videos

Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

938
Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
938
Soundness of Cement01:17

Soundness of Cement

573
The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
573
Portland Cement01:21

Portland Cement

687
Portland cement is the essential binding ingredient in concrete, made from finely ground materials including lime, iron, silica, and alumina. Lime is derived primarily from limestone, marble, marl, seashells, and clays, which also supply iron and alumina, while silica is sourced from sand, chalk, and bauxite. Contemporary manufacturing of Portland cement is a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions, prompting research into reducing its content in concrete through alternative...
687
Fineness of Cement01:15

Fineness of Cement

520
The fineness of cement directly influences the rate of hydration, as the hydration begins at the surface of the cement particles. In addition to hydration, the fineness of cement is vital for various properties of concrete including workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. The fineness of cement is represented in terms of the specific surface of cement which is typically measured in square meters per kilogram, with several methods available for this determination.
Direct...
520
Strength of Cement01:20

Strength of Cement

504
Strength tests for cement are not performed directly on neat cement paste due to difficulty in obtaining consistent, reliable specimens. Instead, cement is typically tested in the form of cement-sand mortar.
For compressive strength tests, ASTM C 109-05 standards prescribe a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485 for making 2-inch cubes. These cubes are mixed, cast, and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. Flexural strength testing, outlined in...
504
Types of Cement I01:21

Types of Cement I

388
Portland cement comes in several types, each with distinct properties and applications based on their chemical composition and hydration characteristics:
Type I (Ordinary Portland Cement) is widely used for general construction where special properties are not required. It has moderate sulfate resistance and heat of hydration.
Type II (Modified Cement) offers moderate resistance to sulfate attack and a lower rate of heat development compared to Type I. It is suitable for structures in...
388

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A Novel Technique of Rescuing Capsulorhexis Radial Tear-out using a Cystotome
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Spinal Instrumentation Rescue with Cement Augmentation.

A Cianfoni1,2, M Giamundo3, M Pileggi4

  • 1From the Departments of Neuroradiology (A.C., M.P., M.I.) alessandro.cianfoni@eoc.ch.

AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
|September 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Percutaneous vertebral cement augmentation is a feasible and safe minimally invasive treatment for spinal instrumentation failure. This procedure effectively avoids revision surgery in 82% of patients, offering significant pain relief.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Neurosurgery
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Spine instrumentation failure can result from altered biomechanics or bone fragility.
  • Revision surgery is often necessary but minimally invasive alternatives are being explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of percutaneous fluoroscopically guided vertebral cement augmentation for spinal instrumentation failure.
  • To assess the rate of revision surgery avoidance and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing this procedure.

Main Methods:

  • A series of 31 vertebral augmentation procedures were performed in 29 patients.
  • Indications included screw loosening, cage subsidence, and fractures within or adjacent to instrumented segments.
  • Feasibility, safety, and clinical effect (Patient Global Impression of Change) were prospectively recorded.

Main Results:

  • All procedures except one were technically feasible, with no periprocedural complications.
  • Revision surgery was avoided in 82% of patients.
  • 87% of patients reported global clinical benefit at 1-month follow-up.

Conclusions:

  • Percutaneous vertebral augmentation is a feasible treatment for spinal instrumentation failure.
  • The procedure demonstrates excellent safety and efficacy in avoiding revision surgery and palliating pain.