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Internal Energy

Internal Energy

The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with initial internal energy, Uinitial, undergoes a change in energy (transfer of work or heat), and the final internal energy of the system is Ufinal. Change in internal energy equals the difference between Ufinal and Uinitial.

Internal Energy

Internal Energy

The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all the molecules or entities in the system. The kinetic energy of an individual molecule includes contributions due to its rotation and vibration, as well as its translational energy. The potential energy is associated only with the interactions between one molecule and the other molecules of the system. Neither the system's location nor its motion is of any consequence as far as the internal...

Quantifying Heat

Quantifying Heat

Thermal Energy Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a quantitative measure of “hot” or “cold”, which depends on the amount of thermal energy. When the atoms and molecules in an object are moving or vibrating quickly, they have a higher average kinetic energy (KE) (or higher thermal energy), and the object is perceived as “hot”, or it is described as being at a higher temperature. When the...

Specific Heat

Specific Heat

The specific heat capacity of a substance refers to the energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of that substance by one degree Celcius. Specific heat capacity is often represented in calories (cal), grams (g), and degrees Celsius (oC), but can also be expressed in joules (J), kilograms (kg), and Kelvin (K), among other units.
For example, increasing the temperature of one gram of water by 1°C requires one calorie of heat energy and can be written as 1 cal/g-°C, or...

Heating and Cooling Curves

Heating and Cooling Curves

When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...

What is Energy?

What is Energy?

The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy. The different forms of energy on Earth originate from the Sun — the ultimate energy source. Plants capture light energy from the Sun, and, via the process of photosynthesis, convert it into chemical energy. This stored energy from plants can be harnessed in many ways. For example, eating plant products as food provides energy for our body to function, and burning wood or coal (fossilized...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Harvesting Solar Energy by Means of Charge-Separating Nanocrystals and Their Solids

Harvesting Solar Energy by Means of Charge-Separating Nanocrystals and Their Solids

Published on: August 23, 2012

Less absorbed solar energy and more internal heat for Jupiter.

Liming Li¹, X Jiang², R A West³

¹Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77004, USA. lli7@central.uh.edu.

Nature Communications

|September 15, 2018

Summary

New measurements show Jupiter

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Area of Science:

Planetary Science
Astrophysics
Radiative Transfer

Background:

Giant planets' radiant energy budget and internal heat are crucial but difficult to determine.
Accurate measurements are essential for understanding planetary evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

To precisely measure Jupiter's radiant energy budget and internal heat.
To refine planetary evolution models and re-examine other giant planets' energy budgets.

Main Methods:

Utilized Cassini multi-instrument observations for data collection.
Analyzed Jupiter's Bond albedo and internal heat flux.

Main Results:

Jupiter's Bond albedo is 0.503 ± 0.012, and internal heat is 7.485 ± 0.160 W m⁻².
These values are significantly higher than previous estimates.
Observed a significant wavelength dependency in Jupiter's albedo.

Conclusions:

Revised measurements improve Jupiter's evolutionary theories and models.
Suggests re-examination of radiant energy budgets for other giant planets.
Provides observational data for giant exoplanet models.