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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Primer-Free Aptamer Selection Using A Random DNA Library

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Published on: July 26, 2010

Rheumatologic Tests: A Primer for Family Physicians.

¹Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

American Family Physician

|September 15, 2018

Summary

Serologic tests aid in diagnosing connective tissue disorders like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. However, positive results for antinuclear antibodies and rheumatoid factor are not always specific, requiring further diagnostic confirmation.

Area of Science:

Rheumatology
Immunology
Clinical Diagnostics

Background:

Connective tissue disorders (CTDs) require accurate diagnosis through serologic testing.
Antibody testing is crucial for confirming diagnoses and monitoring disease activity in CTDs.
Initial serologic markers can lack specificity, necessitating further confirmatory tests.

Purpose of the Study:

To outline the role and limitations of serologic testing in diagnosing various connective tissue disorders.
To emphasize the need for confirmatory testing when initial serologic results are ambiguous.
To guide appropriate utilization of diagnostic antibodies in clinical practice.

Main Methods:

Review of diagnostic criteria and serologic markers for common CTDs.

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Analysis of the specificity and sensitivity of key autoantibodies.

Discussion of differential diagnostic pathways based on serologic findings.

Main Results:

Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are sensitive but not specific for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), appearing in other CTDs and nonrheumatologic conditions.
Anti-Sjögren antigen A or B antibodies aid in diagnosing Sjögren syndrome when ANA is positive.
Rheumatoid factor (RF) is suggestive but not definitive for rheumatoid arthritis (RA); anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies offer higher specificity for RA.

Conclusions:

Serologic testing is indispensable for diagnosing CTDs, but interpretation requires clinical context.
Confirmatory autoantibody testing is essential when initial markers like ANA or RF are positive but non-specific.
Diagnostic antibodies should be ordered judiciously in patients with a high pretest probability of a specific CTD.