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Related Concept Videos

Correlations02:20

Correlations

36.1K
Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. We can measure correlation by calculating a statistic known as a correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between...
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Correlation and Causation01:27

Correlation and Causation

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Statistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. An indirect relationship of the variables signifies a correlation, while a direct relationship shows causation. If it is determined that no connection exists between the variables, then the correlation is a coincidence.
Correlation versus Causation
If the dependent variable increases or decreases when the independent variable increases, there is a positive or negative...
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Correlation01:09

Correlation

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In statistics, two variables are said to be correlated if the values of one variable are associated with the other variable. Depending on the relationship between two variables, correlation can be of three types– positive correlation, negative correlation, and zero correlation.
Two variables, for example, a and b, are said to be positively correlated if both variables move in the same direction. In other words, a positive correlation exists between two variables, a and b, if:
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Correlation and Regression00:53

Correlation and Regression

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In statistics, correlation describes the degree of association between two variables. In the subfield of linear regression, correlation is mathematically expressed by the correlation coefficient, which describes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. The coefficient is symbolically represented by 'r' and ranges from -1 to +1. A positive value indicates a positive correlation where the two variables move in the same direction. A negative value suggests a...
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Coefficient of Correlation01:12

Coefficient of Correlation

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The correlation coefficient, r, developed by Karl Pearson in the early 1900s, is numerical and provides a measure of strength and direction of the linear association between the independent variable x and the dependent variable y.
If you suspect a linear relationship between x and y, then r can measure how strong the linear relationship is.
What the VALUE of r tells us:
The value of r is always between –1 and +1: –1 ≤ r ≤ 1.
The size of the correlation r indicates the...
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Spearman's Rank Correlation Test01:20

Spearman's Rank Correlation Test

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Spearman's rank correlation test, also known as Spearman's rho, is a nonparametric method for assessing the strength and direction of association between two variables. This test is particularly valuable when the data distribution is unknown or when the assumption of normality does not hold. Named after the English psychologist and statistician Dr. Charles Edward Spearman, it serves as the nonparametric counterpart to Pearson's correlation coefficient.
Spearman's test calculates correlation by...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol
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In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol

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Correlation between CD4

Aureliano Ruggio1, Daniela Pedicino1, Davide Flego1

  • 1Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.

International Journal of Cardiology
|September 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Patients with Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and ruptured fibrous caps show higher CD4+CD28null T-cells and a higher CD4+CD28null/Treg ratio. This immune imbalance may contribute to plaque rupture.

Keywords:
Acute Coronary SyndromesInflammationOptical Coherence TomographyPlaque rupturePrecision medicine

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Imaging CD4 T Cell Interstitial Migration in the Inflamed Dermis
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cardiology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • A subset of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) patients exhibits a distinct adaptive immune profile linked to poorer outcomes.
  • This profile includes elevated CD4+CD28null T-cells, reduced regulatory T-cells (Treg), and an increased CD4+CD28null/Treg ratio.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between CD4+CD28null T-cells, Treg, the CD4+CD28null/Treg ratio, and atherosclerotic plaque characteristics.
  • Specifically, to correlate these immune markers with plaque phenotype assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT).

Main Methods:

  • Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were analyzed from 30 NSTEMI patients and 18 Stable Angina (SA) controls.
  • NSTEMI patients were categorized into Ruptured Fibrous Cap (NSTEMI-RFC, n=12) and Intact Fibrous Cap (NSTEMI-IFC, n=18) cohorts based on OCT findings.
  • Flow cytometry quantified the frequencies of CD4+CD28null T-cells and Treg (CD4+CD25highCD127lowFoxp3+).

Main Results:

  • CD4+CD28null T-cell frequency was significantly higher in NSTEMI-RFC patients (17.3%) compared to NSTEMI-IFC (3.8%) and SA (3%) groups (P < 0.001).
  • The CD4+CD28null/Treg ratio was also significantly elevated in NSTEMI-RFC patients (6.6%) versus NSTEMI-IFC (1.6%) and SA (1.2%) groups (P < 0.001).
  • A significant inverse correlation was observed between the CD4+CD28null/Treg ratio and fibrous cap thickness (R = -0.44; P = 0.002).

Conclusions:

  • NSTEMI patients with ruptured fibrous caps exhibit a specific adaptive immune perturbation involving CD4+CD28null T-cells and Tregs.
  • This immune imbalance may play a crucial role in the thinning of the fibrous cap.
  • Such alterations could predispose atherosclerotic plaques to rupture, contributing to adverse cardiovascular events.