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Quantum Numbers02:43

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It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Types of Toxins01:36

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Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
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Measuring how one directional quantity affects another along a specific path involves comparing their orientation and strength. When two such quantities are represented using direction and amount, a numerical result is computed to show how much one acts along the path of the other. This result comes from a rule combining both inputs' horizontal and vertical parts and adding the results.This calculation gives a single value that grows larger when both inputs point in similar directions and...
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The dot product is an essential concept in mathematics and physics.
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The dot product is a powerful tool in problem-solving involving vectors, given that the dot product of two vectors is the product of their magnitudes and the cosine of the angle between them measured anti-clockwise. Solving problems involving the dot product requires understanding its properties and developing a step-by-step process to solve them. Here are the main steps to follow when solving any general problem involving the dot product:
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: High-Quality Quantum Dot Nanobeads for Sensitive Fluorescent Lateral Flow Immunoassays
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Graphene quantum dots-based nano-biointerface platform for food toxin detection.

Hema Bhardwaj1,2, Chandan Singh2, R K Kotnala2

  • 1Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S.Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, 110012, India.

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
|September 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were used to create a sensitive electrochemical immunosensor for detecting aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in food. This novel biosensor offers rapid and accurate detection, crucial for food safety monitoring.

Keywords:
Aflatoxin B1Electrochemical immunosensorElectrophoretic depositionGraphene quantum dotsImpedance

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Area of Science:

  • * Nanomaterials Science
  • * Electrochemistry
  • * Biosensor Technology

Background:

  • * Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) exhibit electrochemical properties suitable for biosensor development.
  • * Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a harmful food toxin requiring sensitive detection methods.
  • * Existing detection methods may lack the sensitivity or speed needed for comprehensive food safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To synthesize and characterize GQDs for biosensor fabrication.
  • * To develop an electrochemical immunosensor for AFB1 detection using GQDs.
  • * To evaluate the sensitivity and detection limits of the fabricated immunosensor.

Main Methods:

  • * Synthesis of 7 nm average diameter GQDs.
  • * Electrophoretic deposition of GQDs onto ITO-coated glass.
  • * Covalent immobilization of AFB1 monoclonal antibodies onto GQDs/ITO using EDC-NHS.
  • * Characterization using UV-Vis, PL, Raman spectroscopy, TEM, and SEM.
  • * Electrochemical analysis via EIS and cyclic voltammetry.

Main Results:

  • * Successful fabrication of a GQD-based electrochemical immunosensor.
  • * Demonstrated high heterogeneous electron transfer rate (97.63 × 10⁻⁵ cm s⁻¹).
  • * Achieved high sensitivity (213.88 Ω (ng mL⁻¹)⁻¹ cm⁻²) and low limit of detection (0.03 ng mL⁻¹ for standards, 0.05 ng g⁻¹ for maize).

Conclusions:

  • * The developed GQD-based immunosensor is highly effective for AFB1 detection.
  • * The sensor's performance meets and exceeds European Union safety limits.
  • * This technology holds significant potential for ensuring food safety by detecting AFB1.