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Related Concept Videos

Voltammetric Techniques: Cyclic Voltammetry01:10

Voltammetric Techniques: Cyclic Voltammetry

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Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is an electrochemical technique used to investigate the redox properties of a chemical species. It involves measuring the current response of an electrochemical cell as a function of the applied potential. The setup for cyclic voltammetry typically consists of a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode—all immersed in an electrolyte solution. The working electrode is where the redox reaction of interest occurs, while the reference electrode...
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The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for different solutes and the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution within and outside of the cell. If a semipermeable membrane hinders the passage of some solutes but allows water to follow its concentration gradient, water moves from the side with low osmolarity (i.e., less solute) to the side with higher osmolarity (i.e.,...
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Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside...
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Tonicity in Plants00:53

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Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water. It depends on the quantity of solute that does not penetrate the membrane. Tonicity delimits the magnitude and direction of osmosis and results in three possible scenarios that alter the volume of a cell: hypertonicity, hypotonicity, and isotonicity. Due to differences in structure and physiology, tonicity of plant cells is different from that of animal cells in some scenarios.
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Tonicity in Plants01:20

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Plant cells maintain appropriate osmotic balance in extreme conditions. For instance, plants in dry environments store water in vacuoles, limit the opening of their stoma, and have thick, waxy cuticles to prevent unnecessary water loss. Some species of plants that live in salty environments store salt in their roots. As a result, water osmosis occurs in the root from the surrounding soil.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Modeling Fast-scan Cyclic Voltammetry Data from Electrically Stimulated Dopamine Neurotransmission Data Using QNsim1.0
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Tracking tonic dopamine levels in vivo using multiple cyclic square wave voltammetry.

Yoonbae Oh1, Michael L Heien2, Cheonho Park3

  • 1Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.

Biosensors & Bioelectronics
|September 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new method, multiple cyclic square wave voltammetry (M-CSWV), now quantifies tonic dopamine levels in vivo. This technique overcomes limitations of fast-scan cyclic voltammetry for studying dopamine in brain function and disorders.

Keywords:
Carbon-fiber microelectrodesDopamineElectrochemistryRatStriatum

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Presynaptic Dopamine Dynamics in Striatal Brain Slices with Fast-scan Cyclic Voltammetry
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) monitors dopamine release in real-time but is limited to phasic changes.
  • Current FSCV methods cannot accurately measure slower, tonic dopamine concentrations due to their differential nature.
  • Understanding tonic dopamine is crucial for deciphering its role in behavior and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel voltammetric technique for quantifying tonic dopamine concentrations in vivo.
  • To overcome the limitations of existing FSCV methods in measuring basal dopamine levels.
  • To enable a deeper understanding of dopamine's role in brain function and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Development of multiple cyclic square wave voltammetry (M-CSWV), a novel voltammetric technique.
  • M-CSWV generates 2D voltammograms for enhanced sensitivity and selectivity.
  • Application in anesthetized rats to measure striatal tonic dopamine concentrations.

Main Results:

  • M-CSWV achieved high sensitivity (LOD, 0.17 nM) and selectivity against interfering substances (ascorbic acid, DOPAC, pH changes).
  • Tonic dopamine concentration in rat striatum was determined to be 120 ± 18 nM.
  • Pharmacological manipulations confirmed the selective detection of dopamine using M-CSWV.

Conclusions:

  • M-CSWV is a novel technique capable of quantifying tonic dopamine concentrations in vivo with high temporal resolution.
  • This method allows for monitoring basal dopamine levels, advancing research into dopamine's role in normal behavior.
  • M-CSWV provides a new tool to investigate the involvement of tonic dopamine in neuropsychiatric disorders.