Evolutions of packing properties of perfect cylinders under densification and crystallization

Cylindrical particles are ubiquitous in nature and industry, and a cylinder is a representative shape of rod-like particles. However, the disordered packing results of cylinders in previous studies are quite inconsistent with each other. In this work, we obtain the MRJ (maximally random jammed) packings and the MDRPs (maximally dense random packings) of perfect cylinders with the aspect ratio (height/diameter) 0.2 ≤ w ≤ 6.0 using the ASC (adaptive shrinking cell) algorithm and the IMC (inverse Monte Carlo) method, respectively. The optimal aspect ratio corresponding to the maximal packing density is w = 0.9 in the MRJ state, while the value is w = 1.2 in the MDRP state. Then we investigate the evolutions of packing properties of perfect cylinders under densification and crystallization. We compare the different final packing states generated via the two methods with different compression rates and order constraints. In the densification procedure, we generate jammed and random packings of cylinders with various compression rates via the ASC and IMC method, respectively. When decreasing the compression rate, we find that the packing density increases but the optimal w remains the same in both methods. In the crystallization procedure, the order constraint in the IMC method is gradually released which means the degree of order in the packings is allowed to increase, and we find that the optimal w shifts from 1.2 to 0.9 while the packing density increases as well. Meanwhile, the random packings evolve into the jammed packings in the crystallization procedure which reflects the competition mechanism between the randomness and jamming. These results also indicate that the optimal w is solely related to the degree of order in the cylinder packings but not determined by the protocol or packing density. Furthermore, a uniform shape elongation effect on the random-packing densities of various shaped particles is found via a new proposed definition of the scaled aspect ratio. Finally, a rough linear relationship between the mean and standard deviation of the reduced Voronoi cell volumes is obtained only for the random packings. Our findings should lead to a better understanding toward the jammed and random packings and are helpful in guiding the granular material design.